Nutrition: Proteins & Amino Acids (Ch 6)

Front 1

nonessential/dispensable amino acids

Back 1

amino acids that chan be synthesized by the body in sufficient amounts to meet needs

Front 2

vegetarianism

Back 2

a pattern of food intake that eliminates some or all animal products

Front 3

transcription

Back 3

the process of copying the information in DNA to a molecule of mRNA

Front 4

deamination

Back 4

the removal of the amino group from an amino acid

Front 5

complete dietary protein

Back 5

protein that provides essential amino acids in the proportions needed to support protein synthesis

Front 6

incomplete dietary protein

Back 6

protein that is deficient in one or more essential amino acids relative to body needs

Front 7

vegan

Back 7

a pattern of food intake that eliminates all animal products

Front 8

protein turnover

Back 8

the continuous synthesis and breakdown of body proteins

Front 9

dipeptide

Back 9

two amino acids linked by a peptide bond

Front 10

denaturation

Back 10

the alteration of a protein's three-dimensional structure

Front 11

kwashiorkor

Back 11

a form of protein-energy malnutrition in which only protein is deficient

characterized by a bloated belly

Front 12

protein quality

Back 12

a measure of how efficiently a protein in the diet can be used to make body proteins

Front 13

chemical/amino acid score

Back 13

a measure of protein quality determined by comparing the essential amino acid content of the protein in a food with that in a reference protein

the lowest amino acid ratio calculated is the chemical score

Front 14

polypeptide

Back 14

a chain of three or more amino acids linked by peptide bonds

Front 15

protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS)

Back 15

a measure of protein quality that reflects a protein's digestibility as well as the proportions of amino acids it provides

Front 16

gene expression

Back 16

the events of protein synthesis in which the information coded in a gene is used to synthesize a product either a protein or a molecule of RNA

Front 17

limiting amino acid

Back 17

the essential amino acid that is available in the lowest concentration in relation to the body's needs

Front 18

urea

Back 18

a nitrogen-containing waste product formed from the breakdown of amino acids that is excreted in the urine

Front 19

antibodies

Back 19

proteins produced by the body's immune system that recognize foreigh substances in the body and help destroy them

Front 20

phenkylketonuria (PKU)

Back 20

an inherited disease in which the body cannot metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine

if the disease is untreated, toxic by-products called phenylketones accumulate in the blood and cause mental reatardation

Front 21

essential/indispensable amino acids

Back 21

amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body in sufficient amounts to meet needs and therefore must be included in the diet

Front 22

tripeptide

Back 22

three amino acids linked by peptide bonds

Front 23

transamination

Back 23

the process by which an amino group from one amino acid is transferred to a carbon compound to form a new amino acid

Front 24

conditionally essential amino acid

Back 24

amino acids that are essential in the diet only under certain conditions or at certain times of life

Front 25

anaphalaxis

Back 25

an immediate and severe allergic reaction to a substance

symptoms: breathing difficulty, loss of consciousness, a drop in blood pressure

requires immediate medical attention and can be fatal

Front 26

marasmus

Back 26

a form of protein-energy malnutrition in which a deficiency of energy in the diet causes severe body wasting

Front 27

protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)

Back 27

a condition characterized by wasting and an increaded susceptibility to infection that results from the long-term consumption of insufficient amounts of energy and protein to meet needs

Front 28

nitrogen balance

Back 28

the amount of nitrogen consumed in the diet compared with the amount excreted by the body over a given period

Front 29

protein efficiency ratio

Back 29

a measure of protein quality determined by comparing the weight gain of a laboratory animal fed a test protein with the weight gain of an animal fed a reference protein

Front 30

net protein utilization

Back 30

a measure of protein quality determined by comparing the amound of nitrogen retained in the body with the amount eaten in the diet

Front 31

biological value

Back 31

a measure of protein quality determined by comparing the amound of nitrogen retained in the body with the amount absorbed from the diet

Front 32

protein complementation

Back 32

combining proteins from different sources so that they collectively provide the proportions of amino acids required to meet needs

Front 33

amino acids

Back 33

building blocks of protein

contains a central carbon atom bound to a hydrogen atom, an amino group, an acid group, and a side chain

Front 34

amino acid pool

Back 34

all of the amino acids in body tissues and fluids that are available for use by the body

Front 35

gene

Back 35

a length of DNA containing the information needed to synthesize RNA or a polypeptide chain

Front 36

translation

Back 36

the process of translating the mRNA code into the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain