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76 Cards in this Set
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eating disorders
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low self esteem -> dieting -> food restricted too severely -> binge -> compens. behaviours
late adolescent/young women chronic/relapsing associated with mental + medical issues |
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top figure
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body image ratings for those who score high on eating behavior irregularity
what they perceive is far from what they think is ideal |
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bottom figure
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body image ratings for those who score low on eating behavior irregularity
what they perceive is closer to what they think is ideal |
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anorexia nervosa (AN)
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restriction in energy intake
15% below ideal body weight fear of weight gain + prevent. measures lack of awareness of low body weight begins in adolescence subtypes: restrictive, binge-eating/purging |
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miss A
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first woman to be diagnosed with AN
1866 |
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medical complications of anorexia
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heart abnormalities
amenorrhea (no period) (endocrine abnorm) skeletal problems infertility electrolyte abnormality GI tract kidney (dehydration) brain + blood |
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treatments of AN
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cognitive behavioral theory
interdisciplinary care team medications (anti-depressants, OCD, sometimes anti-anxiety) hospital if -> hypothermia, hypertension, bradycardia (very low heart rate) |
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outcome of AN
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1/3 fully recover, 1/3 improve, 1/4 relapse often
death rate: 0.56% per year |
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parenteral nutrition
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feed through tube in veins
used to treat anorexia |
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bulimia nervosa (BN)
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reoccurring binge eating + compens. behaviors + related cognitions
subtypes: purging and non-purging 1x a week of this behavior |
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medical complications for BN
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electrolyte and cardiac issues
oral issues (enamel and gum) GI esophagus reproductive |
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psychological dif from BN to AN
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neuropeptide Y and reduced cholecystokinin - = biochem involved in feeding regulation
might be true in BN BN -> also have insight into their issue |
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treatments of BN
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cog-behavioral therapy
interpersonal therapy supportive-expressive therapy drugs (tricyclic anti-depprant, topiramate, SSR (selective seratonin reuptake inhib) |
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EDNOS
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eating disorder not otherwise specified
does not meet AN or BN specific diagnoses example, could be AN w/out weight loss, chewing or spitting out food, BED (binge eating disorder) |
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BED
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binge eating disorder
reoccurring binge eating often done in secret/hiding at least 1x a week *dieting does not appear to be a cause |
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medical complications of BED
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overweight/obesity
heart disease hypertension dyslipidemia (abnormal amount of fat in blood) |
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treatments of BED
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cog-behav. therapy
pharmacotherapy - drugs |
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outcomes of BED
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1/5 still relapse
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adonis complex
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extreme body image concerns for men too
concerned with muscle size excessive exercise, steroid abuse, etc (muscle dysmorphia) |
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muscle dysmorphia
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not suf. lean + muscle perception by men
abuse of steroids, exercising, weighing, strict diet mood swings, depression, social withdrawal, bloodshot eyes, calloused fingers, dehydr, elect. imbalance, GI problems, tooth erosion/dental cav no good treatment |
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pancreas
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related to diabetes bc determines blood glucose levels
cells detect levels |
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islet of langerhans
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endocrine part of pancreas
produces alpha and beta cells |
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alpha cells
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produces hormone glucagon to signal to liver to breakdown glycogen into glucose and release it back into the bloodstream
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beta cells
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produces insulin to then signal to cells to take glucose from the blood stream and send it to liver to be broken down
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normal blood glucose range
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70-115 mg/dl
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hyperglycemia
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when blood glucose (sugar) levels are high
increased triglycerides in the blood increased risk for arteriosclerosis and chronic inflammation |
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hypoglycemia
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when blood glucose sugar is low
easier to ignore than high levels |
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gluconeogenesis
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taking other fuels and making them into glucose (ex. lactate -> glucose)
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diabetes mellitus (DM)
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chronically high blood glucose
more than 126 mg/dL after 8 hours of not eating affects 18 million in the US insulin prod. or insulin receptor issues |
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factors of DM
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genetics
environment autoimmune nutrition physical activity physiological stress |
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type 1
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insulin dependent IDMM
used to be juvenile onset no insulin by beta cells/system kills beta cells 5-10% of all DM cases causes: idiopathic, viral infection, genetic, pancreas |
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type 2
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non-insulin dependent NIDDM
used to be adult onset insulin produced but receptor defects causes: adv, stage of disease, obesity, hyperinsulinemia (too much insulin not being used) |
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polyuria
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peeing too much
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polydipsea
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excessive thirst
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oral glucose tolerance test
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OGTT
take a 75 mg of glucose dissolved in water if plasma glucose concen. is >200 mg 2 hours after = diabetes |
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HbA1c
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measure of blood glucose
glucose attached to hemoglobin (glycosolated hemoglobin or glycohemoglobin) lives for 120 days in red blood cell, thus trackable normal = 4-6% kind of volatile measurement |
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insulin inaction
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- abnormal B cell secretion (incomplete insulin production)
- circulatory insulin immune response (kills insulin) - target issue defects (insulin receptor defects) |
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gestational diabetes
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in pregnant women
2-4% of pregnant women get it usually in women above 25 years mirrors type 2 women at greater risk for type 2 after |
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diseases to follow diabetes
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blindness
gangrene |
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retinopathy
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blindness from diabetes
increased capillary pressure from increased blood glucose level leads to hemorrhaging and aneurysms in eye |
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gangrene
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poor blood circulation
leading to nerosis in cells amputate |
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objectives of diabetes treatment
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relieve symptoms
decrease severity remove risk for pathologies |
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routes of control
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control diet
exercise education insulin/drugs |
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medical nutritional therapy
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achieve good blood glucose levels
plasma lipid levels reduce complications slow atherosclerosis adjustments of diet |
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dif in diet plans for Type 1 and 2
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type 1:
- intense tracking of CHO - based on insulin injection type 2: - low CHO, higher fiber - spread meals throughout day + excercise |
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glycemic response
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how does it effect blood glucose level
meas. for food low = 0-55 med = 56-69 high = 70+ |
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protein recommended for diabetic
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10-15% of energy
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diabetic nephropathy
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disease of kidney
results when too much protein consumed |
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fat recommended for diabetic
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no more than 30%
sat fat = 10% polyuns. < 10% cholesterol = less than 200 mg increase monounsat. |
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fiber recommended for fiber
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35 g/day
can have increased gassy ness |
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postprandial glycemic response
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glycemic response after meal
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drug treatments for diabetes
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insulin (type 1+2)
oral hypoglycemic drug (type 2) injectable drugs/incretin (type 2) pancreatic cell transplantation (type 1) excercise (**inside our idiotic pancake extravaganza) |
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oral hypoglycemic drugs
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sulfonylureas
- oral intake, encourage B cells to produce insulin thiazolidinediones (TZDs) - increase sensitivity of insulin receptions - limits glycogen breakdown in liver |
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weight gain during pregnancy (rec levels)
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underweight - 28-40 pounds
normal - 25-35 pounds overweight - 15-25 pounds obese no more than 15-16 twins - 35-34 |
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maternal nutrition
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300 more calories per day
more vitamin d, folate, Ca, Fe, and Iodine |
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ideal outcome of pregnancy
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37-40 week term
5.5 lbs too low 7.7 lbs just right |
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infant death rate
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7/1000
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breast milk
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39% carb, 55% fat, 6% protein
nutrient rich immune system benefits sterile contains bifidus factors, lactoferrin, lipase enzyme contains lactose (carb), alpha lactalbumin (protein), linolenic and linoleic acid (fat) |
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bifidus factors
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friendly bacteria
prevents other bacteria from acting up |
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lactoferrin
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keeps iron from being used as bacteria
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colostrum
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pre-breast milk
contains all the stuff breast milk has 2-3 days after delivery more CHO than breast milk |
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early days of pregnancy
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ovum + sperm --> zygote (2 weeks later)
implants in cell wall of uterus 1/4 of conceptions end in miscarriage |
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amniotic sac
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fluid filled sac that hosts the fetus
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umbilicus
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includes umbilical cord
connection between fetus blood vessels to mother's blood supply in placenta |
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placenta
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the film that surrounds fetus that contains all nutrients that are to be transferred
connects fetus to uteral wall smaller placenta --> more risk of prematurity and death |
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stages of developing fetus
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embryo development + fetus growth
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embryo development
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2weeks to 8weeks
rapid cell division important development size 1.25 inch |
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developing fetus
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8weeks to term
hyperplasia and hypertrophy size 1 oz. to 7.7 lbs |
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hyperplasia
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growth in the # of cells
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hypertrophy
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growth in the size of the cells
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reproductive hormones (for breast milk production)
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estrogen
progestosterone prolactin oxytocin |
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estrogen
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growth of glands/ducts
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progestosterone
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development of milk producing cells
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prolactin
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from anterior pituitary gland
milk production |
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oxytocin
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causes milk ejection from posterior pit. gland
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lactation production
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day 1 50 ml
day 2 500 ml 1 month 650 ml 3 months 700 ml 65 gallons in 6 months! |