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76 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
eating disorders
low self esteem -> dieting -> food restricted too severely -> binge -> compens. behaviours

late adolescent/young women
chronic/relapsing
associated with mental + medical issues
top figure
body image ratings for those who score high on eating behavior irregularity
what they perceive is far from what they think is ideal
bottom figure
body image ratings for those who score low on eating behavior irregularity
what they perceive is closer to what they think is ideal
anorexia nervosa (AN)
restriction in energy intake
15% below ideal body weight
fear of weight gain + prevent. measures
lack of awareness of low body weight
begins in adolescence
subtypes: restrictive, binge-eating/purging
miss A
first woman to be diagnosed with AN
1866
medical complications of anorexia
heart abnormalities
amenorrhea (no period) (endocrine abnorm)
skeletal problems
infertility
electrolyte abnormality
GI tract
kidney (dehydration)
brain + blood
treatments of AN
cognitive behavioral theory
interdisciplinary care team
medications (anti-depressants, OCD, sometimes anti-anxiety)
hospital if -> hypothermia, hypertension, bradycardia (very low heart rate)
outcome of AN
1/3 fully recover, 1/3 improve, 1/4 relapse often
death rate: 0.56% per year
parenteral nutrition
feed through tube in veins
used to treat anorexia
bulimia nervosa (BN)
reoccurring binge eating + compens. behaviors + related cognitions
subtypes: purging and non-purging
1x a week of this behavior
medical complications for BN
electrolyte and cardiac issues
oral issues (enamel and gum)
GI
esophagus
reproductive
psychological dif from BN to AN
neuropeptide Y and reduced cholecystokinin - = biochem involved in feeding regulation
might be true in BN

BN -> also have insight into their issue
treatments of BN
cog-behavioral therapy
interpersonal therapy
supportive-expressive therapy
drugs (tricyclic anti-depprant, topiramate, SSR (selective seratonin reuptake inhib)
EDNOS
eating disorder not otherwise specified
does not meet AN or BN specific diagnoses
example, could be AN w/out weight loss, chewing or spitting out food, BED (binge eating disorder)
BED
binge eating disorder
reoccurring binge eating
often done in secret/hiding
at least 1x a week
*dieting does not appear to be a cause
medical complications of BED
overweight/obesity
heart disease
hypertension
dyslipidemia (abnormal amount of fat in blood)
treatments of BED
cog-behav. therapy
pharmacotherapy - drugs
outcomes of BED
1/5 still relapse
adonis complex
extreme body image concerns for men too
concerned with muscle size
excessive exercise, steroid abuse, etc (muscle dysmorphia)
muscle dysmorphia
not suf. lean + muscle perception by men
abuse of steroids, exercising, weighing, strict diet
mood swings, depression, social withdrawal, bloodshot eyes, calloused fingers, dehydr, elect. imbalance, GI problems, tooth erosion/dental cav
no good treatment
pancreas
related to diabetes bc determines blood glucose levels
cells detect levels
islet of langerhans
endocrine part of pancreas
produces alpha and beta cells
alpha cells
produces hormone glucagon to signal to liver to breakdown glycogen into glucose and release it back into the bloodstream
beta cells
produces insulin to then signal to cells to take glucose from the blood stream and send it to liver to be broken down
normal blood glucose range
70-115 mg/dl
hyperglycemia
when blood glucose (sugar) levels are high
increased triglycerides in the blood
increased risk for arteriosclerosis and chronic inflammation
hypoglycemia
when blood glucose sugar is low
easier to ignore than high levels
gluconeogenesis
taking other fuels and making them into glucose (ex. lactate -> glucose)
diabetes mellitus (DM)
chronically high blood glucose
more than 126 mg/dL after 8 hours of not eating
affects 18 million in the US
insulin prod. or insulin receptor issues
factors of DM
genetics
environment
autoimmune
nutrition
physical activity
physiological stress
type 1
insulin dependent IDMM
used to be juvenile onset
no insulin by beta cells/system kills beta cells
5-10% of all DM cases
causes: idiopathic, viral infection, genetic, pancreas
type 2
non-insulin dependent NIDDM
used to be adult onset
insulin produced but receptor defects
causes: adv, stage of disease, obesity, hyperinsulinemia (too much insulin not being used)
polyuria
peeing too much
polydipsea
excessive thirst
oral glucose tolerance test
OGTT
take a 75 mg of glucose dissolved in water
if plasma glucose concen. is >200 mg 2 hours after = diabetes
HbA1c
measure of blood glucose
glucose attached to hemoglobin (glycosolated hemoglobin or glycohemoglobin)
lives for 120 days in red blood cell, thus trackable
normal = 4-6%
kind of volatile measurement
insulin inaction
- abnormal B cell secretion (incomplete insulin production)
- circulatory insulin immune response (kills insulin)
- target issue defects (insulin receptor defects)
gestational diabetes
in pregnant women
2-4% of pregnant women get it
usually in women above 25 years
mirrors type 2
women at greater risk for type 2 after
diseases to follow diabetes
blindness
gangrene
retinopathy
blindness from diabetes
increased capillary pressure from increased blood glucose level
leads to hemorrhaging and aneurysms in eye
gangrene
poor blood circulation
leading to nerosis in cells
amputate
objectives of diabetes treatment
relieve symptoms
decrease severity
remove risk for pathologies
routes of control
control diet
exercise
education
insulin/drugs
medical nutritional therapy
achieve good blood glucose levels
plasma lipid levels
reduce complications
slow atherosclerosis
adjustments of diet
dif in diet plans for Type 1 and 2
type 1:
- intense tracking of CHO
- based on insulin injection

type 2:
- low CHO, higher fiber
- spread meals throughout day + excercise
glycemic response
how does it effect blood glucose level
meas. for food
low = 0-55
med = 56-69
high = 70+
protein recommended for diabetic
10-15% of energy
diabetic nephropathy
disease of kidney
results when too much protein consumed
fat recommended for diabetic
no more than 30%
sat fat = 10%
polyuns. < 10%
cholesterol = less than 200 mg
increase monounsat.
fiber recommended for fiber
35 g/day
can have increased gassy ness
postprandial glycemic response
glycemic response after meal
drug treatments for diabetes
insulin (type 1+2)
oral hypoglycemic drug (type 2)
injectable drugs/incretin (type 2)
pancreatic cell transplantation (type 1)
excercise

(**inside our idiotic pancake extravaganza)
oral hypoglycemic drugs
sulfonylureas
- oral intake, encourage B cells to produce insulin

thiazolidinediones (TZDs)
- increase sensitivity of insulin receptions
- limits glycogen breakdown in liver
weight gain during pregnancy (rec levels)
underweight - 28-40 pounds
normal - 25-35 pounds
overweight - 15-25 pounds
obese no more than 15-16

twins - 35-34
maternal nutrition
300 more calories per day
more vitamin d, folate, Ca, Fe, and Iodine
ideal outcome of pregnancy
37-40 week term
5.5 lbs too low
7.7 lbs just right
infant death rate
7/1000
breast milk
39% carb, 55% fat, 6% protein
nutrient rich
immune system benefits
sterile
contains bifidus factors, lactoferrin, lipase enzyme
contains lactose (carb), alpha lactalbumin (protein), linolenic and linoleic acid (fat)
bifidus factors
friendly bacteria
prevents other bacteria from acting up
lactoferrin
keeps iron from being used as bacteria
colostrum
pre-breast milk
contains all the stuff breast milk has
2-3 days after delivery
more CHO than breast milk
early days of pregnancy
ovum + sperm --> zygote (2 weeks later)
implants in cell wall of uterus
1/4 of conceptions end in miscarriage
amniotic sac
fluid filled sac that hosts the fetus
umbilicus
includes umbilical cord
connection between fetus blood vessels to mother's blood supply in placenta
placenta
the film that surrounds fetus that contains all nutrients that are to be transferred
connects fetus to uteral wall
smaller placenta --> more risk of prematurity and death
stages of developing fetus
embryo development + fetus growth
embryo development
2weeks to 8weeks
rapid cell division
important development
size 1.25 inch
developing fetus
8weeks to term
hyperplasia and hypertrophy
size 1 oz. to 7.7 lbs
hyperplasia
growth in the # of cells
hypertrophy
growth in the size of the cells
reproductive hormones (for breast milk production)
estrogen
progestosterone
prolactin
oxytocin
estrogen
growth of glands/ducts
progestosterone
development of milk producing cells
prolactin
from anterior pituitary gland
milk production
oxytocin
causes milk ejection from posterior pit. gland
lactation production
day 1 50 ml
day 2 500 ml
1 month 650 ml
3 months 700 ml

65 gallons in 6 months!