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154 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
the science of the interactions between living organisms and food
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nutrition
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chemical substances in foods that are used by the body for growth and health
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nutrients
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function of nutrients
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provide energy
provide structure regulation of body processes |
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substances required for growth and health that cannot be produced by the body or are produced in limited amounts
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essential nutrients
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substances required for growth and health that can be produced by the body from other components in the diet
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nonessential nutrients
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nutrients needed in the body in large amounts (measured in grams) everyday
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macronutrients
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types of macronutrients
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carbohydrates
fats proteins |
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nutrients needed in the body in small amounts (measured in milligrams and micrograms) may not be needed in the body everyday
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micronutrients
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types of micronutrients
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vitamins and minerals
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what type of nutrient is water considered
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an essential nutrient
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energy a carbohydrate yields
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4 kcal per gram
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energy a protein yields
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4 kcal per gram
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energy a fat yields
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9 kcal per gram
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main source of fuel for the body
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carbohydrate
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storage form of glucose
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glycogen
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where is glycogen stored
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in muscles and the liver
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what happens if glycogen stores are over what the body needs
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the remainder is converted to fat and stored as adipose tissue under the skin
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best source of complex CHO
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grains
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best source of simple CHO
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sugar
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best source of fiber
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whole grains
fruits veggies |
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nutrient that builds and repairs
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proteins
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composition of proteins
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amino acids made of C,H,O, and N
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high quality proteins
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animal based
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low quality proteins
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plant based
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proteins that provide all the essential amino acids and examples
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complete proteins
milk cheese meat eggs soybeans |
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how to make a complete protein from plant proteins
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grains and legumes
legumes and seeds |
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function of fat in the body
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energy
healthy skin and nails regulate body temp protect organs |
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saturated fat
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solid at room temperature and when chilled
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example of saturated fat
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butter
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example of monounsaturated fat
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olive
canola peanut |
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example of polyunsaturated fat
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corn
safflower sunflower |
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type of fat that may prevent blood clots, lower blood pressure and increase hdl cholesterol
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omega 3 fatty acid
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how trans fats are produced
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hydrogenation
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chemical substances that perform specific functions in the body yet are non energy yielding
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vitamins
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fat soluble vitamins
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A
D E K |
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water soluble vitamins
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B vitamins
C |
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elements found in foods that perform specific functions in the body yet yield no energy
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minerals
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sources of vitamins
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grains, fruits, veggies
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sources of minerals
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milk
dark and leafy veggies meat |
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examples of major minerals
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calcium
phosphorous sodium potassium magnesium chloride sulfur |
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examples of trace minerals
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iron
zinc iodine copper |
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what % of an adult's body is water
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60%
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function of water in the body
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maintain body temp
aids in waste excretion medium by which most chemical reactions take place |
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How do water losses occur
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perspiration
urination exhalation |
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water needs per day male and female
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male - 12 cups
female - 9 cups |
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how can poor nutritional status occur?
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inadequate and excessive levels of nutrient intake
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dietary intake level of a nutrient needed to meet the requirement of nearly all the healthy population of individuals of a particular age and sex
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RDA
recommended dietary allowance |
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the average requirement of a nutrient intake value that is estimated to meet the requirements of 1/2 the healthy individuals in a life stage and gender group
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EAR
estimated average requirement |
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the highest level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the general population
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UL
tolerable upper intake level |
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a recommended daily intake value based on observed or experimentally determined approximations or estimates of nutrient intake by a group of healthy people that are assumed to be adequate (used when an RDA cannot be determined)
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AI
adequate intake |
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the key to a healthy diet
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adequacy and balance
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reference values used for planning and assessing the diets of healthy people
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DRI
dietary reference intake |
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sector of the government responsible for monitoring the status of food and nutrition related concerns in the US
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USDA and dept. of health and human services
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prerequisite to planning for the prevention or solution of nutrition related health problems
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nutritional assessment
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nutrition at the tissue level
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builds and maintains body tissues
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goal of nutrition screening
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to identify individuals who may benefit from assessment and intervention
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a process or series of measurements used to identify individuals at nutritional risk
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nutrition assessment
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clinical assessment
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visual inspection
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dietary assessment
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estimating the individuals overall diet
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anthropometric assessments
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measurements such as weight and height
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biochemical assessment
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nutrient and enzyme levels, DNA, albumin
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The nutrition care process
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assess
analyze plan implement evaluate document |
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What enhances the likelihood of conception and helps ensure a healthy pregnancy and robust newborn?
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optimal nutrition status prior to pregnancy
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how does chronic undernutrition affect fertility?
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it decreases it by only a small amount
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major effect of chronic undernutrition on reproduction in women
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birth of small and frail infants who have a high likelihood of death in first year
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how does undernutrition in previously well-fed women affect reproduction
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dramatic decline in fertility which returns when food intake increases
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how does acute reduction in food consumption decrease reproductive capacity?
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women - modifies hormonal signals that regulate the menstrual cycle
men - impairs sperm maturation |
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when a woman of normal weight loses 10-15% of their normal body weight, what may happen?
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amenorrhea due to decrease in estrogen
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recommended treatment for weight-related amenorrhea
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weight gain
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when a man of normal weight loses 10-15% of their normal body weight, what may happen?
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sperm viability and motility may be reduced
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what happens when a man of normal weight loses 25% of their normal body weight?
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sperm production may cease
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how does extremely high levels of exercise affect reproduction?
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it may interrupt normal menstrual cycles
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effect of vegetarian diet on reproduction
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low levels of estrogen which may result in irregular periods and sporadic ovulation
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effect of high levels of caffeine on reproduction
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may increase the time it takes for a woman to become pregnant
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how does alcohol affect fertility?
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decreases estrogen (disrupting menstrual cycle) and testosterone
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how do low levels of zinc affect male fertility
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decrease in semen volume and testosterone
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zincs role in reproduction
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enzyme cofactor for testosterone, DNA replication, protein synthesis, and cell division
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how do low levels of antioxidants affect reproduction in males?
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sperm are very susceptible to oxidative damage. Antioxidants can help protect the sperm to ensure motility and function
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how does heavy metal exposure affect reproduction in males?
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decrease sperm production due to disruption of hormonal communications with the testes
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how do pesticides affect reproduction in males?
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decrease sperm count
male infertility |
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how does heat affecting the scrotum and testes affect fertility?
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reduce sperm count
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how does steroid abuse affect male fertility?
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shrinks the testicles, eliminates sperm, decreases libido
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early pregnancy nutritional concerns
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weight
nutrient status alcohol diabetes |
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fetal development before a woman even knows she is pregnant
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will have grown from a single cell to millions of cells
basic organs will have formed |
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how does being underweight prior to conception affect a pregnancy?
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increases the risk of maternal complications, and delivery of small and premature infants
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how does being overweight prior to conception affect a pregnancy?
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increases the risk of clinical complications as well as delivery of newborns with NTD or excess body fat
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how does insufficient folate affect a pregnancy
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risk of neural tube defects
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how does excessive vitamin A affect a pregnancy
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risk of facial and heart abnormalities
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how does high maternal lead levels affect a pregnancy
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risk of mental retardation of offspring
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how does iodine deficiency affect a pregnancy
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risk of impaired mental and physical development
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how does iron deficiency affect a pregnancy
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risk of early delivery and the baby developing iron deficiency
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how does alcohol affect a pregnancy
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increased risk of FAS which include impaired mental and physical development
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how does diabetes affect a pregnancy?
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risk of fetal malformations, excessive infant size, and the offspring developing diabetes later in life
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what is the major source of research information on the role of nutrition in human reproduction?
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the 1970 national research council report - Maternal Nutrition and the course of pregnancy
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result of nutrition being poor in the last part of the pregnancy
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growth is negatively affected
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result of nutrition being poor in the first part of the pregnancy
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development and survival affected
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the size of an infant is affected by the size of which parent
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the mother
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weight gain distribution during pregnancy
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less than half - fetus, placenta, amniotic fluid
remainder - maternal reproductive tissues, fluid, blood, and stores. |
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what hormone is responsible for the deposition of fat as a caloric reserve for pregnancy and lactation
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progesterone
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what accounts for sudden weight gain during the first half of pregnancy?
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excess fluid (up to 9L can be normal)
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what might be the diagnosis of sudden weight gain after the 20th week
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preeclampsia
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a potentially dangerous condition that develops late in pregnancy. Signs include high blood pressure, fluid retention, abnormal weight gain, protein in the urine. May lead to convulsions
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preeclampsia
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what has excessive weight gain during pregnancy been linked to?
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greater risk for hypertension, c-section, and struggle with weight later in life
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risk of exceeding 35% of body weight during pregnancy
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hypertension, gestational diabetes, increased urinary tract infections, difficult labors
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which costs more? Caring for low birth weight babies or providing nutrition education?
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caring for LBW babies (5 to 1)
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the amount of a nutrient that is estimated to meet the requirements of half all healthy individuals in a population
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EAR
estimated average requirement |
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used when an RDA for a nutrient is not available. It is the recommended daily intake that is based on observed approximations of nutrient intake
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AI
adequate intake |
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the highest level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the general population
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UL
tolerable upper intake level |
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a set of 4 nutrient based reference values intended primarily for use in assessing and planning diets
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DRI
dietary reference intakes |
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extra daily energy requirements in the second and third trimester of pregnancy
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300 calories
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non pregnancy RDA for protein
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50 g/day
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pregnancy RDA for protein
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60 g/day
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risk of low protein intake during pregnancy
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decreased birthweight
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functions of folate in the body
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protein tissue construction
cell division reduction of NTD |
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one of the first signs of folate deficiency
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megaloblastic anemia caused by the production of abnormal red blood cells
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population at risk for B12 deficiency
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strict vegetarians
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recommended supplementation of B12 for strict vegetarians
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2 mcg per day
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function of B12 in the body
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cell division
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what does b12 deficiency lead to?
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megaloblastic anemia
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functions of B6
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amino acid metabolism
formation of hormones important in brain function maintaining Na and K balance |
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reason B6 needs increase during pregnancy
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greater needs for amino acids for growth
converting tryptophan to niacin |
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BG deficiency in pregnancy may lead to
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lower APGAR scores
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deficiency of Vitamin C during pregnancy has been related to
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premature rupture of membranes
preeclampsia |
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recommendations for vitamin C during pregnancy
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extra 10 mg/day
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effect of excess vitamin C during pregnancy
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fetal dependency and rebound scurvy during neonatal period
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three vitamins that are part of the reactions that produce energy
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thiamin, riboflavin, niacin
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functions of Vitamin D in the body
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calcium and phosphorous absorption
bone and teeth formation |
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what is supplementation of vitamin D during the 3rd trimester associated with
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improved maternal weight gain
lower % of SGA infants reduced incidence of hypocalcemia |
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result of excess vitamin D during pregnancy
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infant hypercalcemia
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symptoms of infant hypercalcemia
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confusion
anorexia abdominal pain muscle pain weakness |
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role of vitamin A in the body
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reproduction
immunity vision maintenancy of cellular differentiation |
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recommendations for vitamin A intake during pregnancy
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no increase in RDA
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what has excess vitamin A been linked to
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increased risk of birth defects during the first trimester
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function of iron in the body
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manufacturing Hgb in maternal and fetal RBC
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when does the fetus accumulate iron
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during last trimester
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common cause of iron deficiency in a newborn
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prematurity
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one of the only instances where a fetus will draw from maternal stores to meet its own needs
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iron
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can iron needs during 2nd and 3rd trimester be met through diet alone
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no
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recommended iron supplementation during 2nd and 3rd trimester
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30 mg/day
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adverse affects of iron deficiency during pregnancy
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increased cardiac output
fatigue |
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when are fetus demans for calcium greatest
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3rd trimester
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how much calcium does the fetus draw from maternal blood
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250 - 300 mg per day
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calcium recommendations during pregnancy
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1200 mg/day
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reason for increased calcium needs during pregnancy
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support skeletal and tooth growth
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what does calcium-phosphorous balance relate to
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neuromuscular action
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where is the majority of magnesium stored
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in the bone
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result of magnesium deficiency
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tremors and convulsions (leg cramps)
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function of zinc in the body
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component of insulin
helps maintain acid-base balance in tissues acts in the synthesis of DNA and RNA |
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What may result from zinc deficiency during pregnancy
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congenital malformation
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the most common preventable cause of mental deficit in the world
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iodine deficiency
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what is the result of iodine deficiency
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goiter
hypothyroidism cretinism |
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result of maternal hypothyroidism
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increased risk of stillbirth and cretinism
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does dietary restriction of na prevent preeclampsia
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no
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result of sodium restriction during pregnancy
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reduced fat, calcium, and protein intake
limit weight gain reduce maternal fat stores |