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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Minerals are Inorganic Chemicals |
- More than 18 mineral elements are believed to be essential for mammals |
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Minerals are divided into two categories |
Macrominerals: Required in large amounts
Microminerals: Required in small amounts - known as "trace elements" Or "trace minerals" |
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Macrominerals |
- Minerals account for most of the body's mineral content and are required in the diet in large amounts |
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Microminerals 1. Phosphorus (P) |
- Aids in both and teeth formation - Muscle formation |
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Phosphorus (P) Deficiency |
- Spontaneous fractures - Rickets: A disease of young animals, a failure of calcification of osteoid and cartilage of the bones which become bowed and a persistence with enlargement of the epiphyses so that the joints appear swollen. Animals are lame and dentition is delayed. |
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Phosphorus (P) Excess |
- Bone loss - Urinary Calculi - Secondary hyperthyroidism (felines)
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Feline Hyperthyroidism |
- Most common hormonal abnormality and is a common disease of aging cats. - Affects multiple body systems due to an overabundance of the thyroid hormone, which increases the metabolism. - Because of this increase the cats body systems function at an accelerated rate and may not be able to sustain. - increased appetite - weight loss - hyperactivity |
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Macrominerals 2. Calcium (Ca) (5) |
1. Aids in bone and teeth formation 2. Blood clotting 3. Muscle function 4. Nerve transmission 5. Membrane permeability
- Helps things go into and out of cell |
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Calcium (Ca) Deficiency (3) |
1. Decreased bone mineralization 2. Tetany: Steady contraction of a muscle without distinct twitching, continuous spasm 3. Convulsions |
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Calcium (Ca) Excess (3) |
1. Nephrosis (any kidney disease) 2. Enlarged costochondral (rib/cartilage) junctions 3. Effects bone and cartilage maturation |
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Calcium Phosphorus Ratio |
- Maintained at 1:1 - Imbalance can lead to bone malformation - Nutritional excesses are more common than deficiencies. - High levels can be harmful - Can cause hip dysplasia and Wobbler's syndrome. |
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Macrominerals 3. Potassium (K) |
1. Aids in muscle contraction 2. Transmission of nerve impulses 3. Osmotic balance (Na/K pump) |
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Potassium (K) Deficiency (3) |
1. Anorexia 2. Locomotive problems (Na/K pump) 3. Heart and kidney lesions |
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Potassium (K) Excess (3) |
1. Rare 2. Paresis: slight or incomplete paralysis; does include frequent falling, stumbling 3. Bradycardia: slow heart rate |
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Macrominerals 4. Sodium Chloride (NaCl) |
1. Aids in osmotic pressure 2. Transmission of nerve impulses 3. Water metabolism |
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Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Deficiency |
- Inability to maintain water balance |
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Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Excess (5) |
1. Thirst 2. Pruritis (itching) 3. Constipation 4. Seizures 5. Hypertension, and death |
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Macrominerals 5. Magnesium (Mg) |
- Component of bone, intercellular fluids (Secondary component: can make it without Magnesium but won't be the same) - Neuromuscular transmission - Carbs and Lipid metabolism |
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Magnesium (Mg) Deficiency (4) |
1. Muscle weakness 2. Hyper-irritability 3. Decreased mineralization of bone 4. Calcification of aorta |
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Magnesium (Mg) Excess |
- Urinary Calculi (crystal aggregations) of dissolved minerals in urine (Also found in Phosphorus) |
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Microminerals (6) |
- Also known as trace elements - These minerals are required in small amounts in the diet |
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Microminerals 1. Zinc (Zn) |
- Activator of 200 enzymes - Protein synthesis - Carb metabolism - Skin and wound healing |
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Zinc (Zn) Deficiency |
- Alopecia - Conjunctivitis (no other mineral) |
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Zinc (Zn) Excess |
- Relatively non toxic. - Toxicity due to consumption of pennies |
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Microminerals 2. Manganese (Mn) |
- Activation of enzyme, lipid, and carb metabolism |
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Manganese (Mn) Deficiency and Excess |
- Rare |
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Microminerals 3. Selenium (Se) |
- Immune function, interacts with Vitamin E to help prevent cellular damage |
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Selenium (Se) Deficiency (2) |
1. Muscular dystrophy 2. Renal (liver) mineralization |
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Selenium (Se) Excess (7) |
1. Vomiting spasms 2. Staggered gait 3. Salivation 4. Decreased appetite 5. Dyspnea 6. "Garlicky Breath" 7. Nail Loss |
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Micromineral 4. Iodine (I) |
- Aids in thyroid production of thyroxine and triiodothyronine (T3) |
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Iodine (I) Iodine Deficiency-Iodine excess Similar to deficiency |
1. Goiter 2. Enlarged thyroid glands 3. Apathy 4. Myxoedema: A mucinous degeneration with thickening of the skin-hypothyroidism. |
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Microminerals 5. Iron (Fe) |
- Aids in activation of O2 and CO2 transport (hemoglobin and myoglobin) |
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Iron (Fe) Deficiency (2) |
1. Anemia (carrying capacity of cells) 2. Listlessness (lack energy/cognitive function) |
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Iron (Fe) Excess |
- Anorexia Exception opposite of deficiency in all other minerals. - Sensitive to Liver. |
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Microminerals: 6. Copper (Cu) |
Catalyst of hemoglobin production. |
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Copper (Cu) Deficiency |
- Aortic Rupture |
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Copper (Cu) Excess |
- Hepatitis and increased liver enzyme activity |
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Macromineral vs Micromineral |
Macrominerals: - Measured in the diet as a percentage %
Microminerals: - Measured in parts per million (ppm) or mg/kg |
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Considerations: (4) |
1. Solubility 2. Metabolic interaction with other nutrient compounds. 3. Animals ability to store the mineral 4. Signalment: - Breed - Sex - Repro status - Overall health |
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Antagonist |
- Most mineral reactions are antagonistic and can occur during processing, digestion, storage, or transport. - Presence of one mineral reducing the transport or efficiency of another. - Work against each other |
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Synergist |
- 2 minerals reacting in a complimentary fashion either enhancing biologic unction or sparing the other mineral - Work together (Ca&P) (NaCl) |
