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153 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Rule of thumb for daily consumption by animal
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at maintenance, adults eat 2% BW in DM
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What are 5 general categories of feed ingredients?
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forages, concentrates, supplements, by-products, additives
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What patient factors affect nutrient requirements?
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age, ambient temp, health status
diet composition |
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Define Basal Energy Requirements (BER)
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energy needed for a normal, awake, fasting, resting, intact animal in a thermoneutral state
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Define Resting Energy Requirements
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the amount of energy to wake up in the morning
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Define Daily Energy Requirements
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energy needed for maintenance + energy for work and production
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What factors influence DER?
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body weight, energy requirement (growth, repro status, activity), age, environ, neutering, sex
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Gross energy (GE)
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energy released/measured from burning the sample; total energy amount within a feed
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Digestible energy
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GE - FE
energy that is absorbed from the ingesta |
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Total Digestible Nutrients
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%TDN = %digestible protein + %digestible carb + (2.25x%digestible fat)
closely related to DE: doesn't account for losses in urine, gases, or heat |
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Metabolizable energy (ME)
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DE - (UE + GP)
amount of energy that is biologicallly utilizable |
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Net energy
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ME - HI
final energy amount available and used for maintenance and production |
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Biological value
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% of absorbed protein that is retained in body; meausre of protein's usability by the body
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Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER)
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measure of ability of dietary protein to be converted into tissue
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What is the signifiance of Glutamine?
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semi-essential (conditionally essential)
impt during times of stress--used as a gluconeogenic precursor, protects GI mucosa hydrolyzed to glutamate, which has decreased digestibility in cats |
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What is the significance of arginine?
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Essential in dogs/cats, not humans
prevents hyperammonium by continuing/perpetuating the urea cycle esp. impt in cats, who can't resynthesize ornithine without adequate Arg in diet stimulates immune system, increases hormone secretion, source of NO |
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What is the limiting amino acid in mammals?
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Lysine
(protein is often the limiting nutrient as well) |
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Limiting nutrient
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nutrient that is present in the least concentration relative to the animal's requirement
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What is the structure of an essential fatty acid?
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contains at least 2 double bonds in a methylene-interrupted, cis-cist configuration
labeled as n-6 or n-3 FAs |
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What are effects of eicosanoids?
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Products of arachidonic acid metabolism
inflammation (WBCs), vasoactive properties (renal, cardiac), protective properties in GI, CNS development, fertility |
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What is function of linoleic acid?
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omega-6 FA
skin and hair coat function essential in cats and dogs |
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What is function of arachidonic acid?
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omega-6 FA
Production of eicosanoids important in reproduction, inflammation conditionally essential in cats during growth and female reproduction |
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What is function of alpha-linolenic acid?
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omega-3 FA
skin and hair coat function (spares LA) not essential for cats or dogs |
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What is function of EPA (eicosapentanoic acid)?
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omega-3 FA
anti-inflammatory effects (inhibit MMP-9, activate TIMP, more LTB4) not essential |
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What is function of DHA (docosahexanoic acid)?
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omega-3 FA
neural development conditionally essential for growth and female reproduction in cats and dogs |
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Define facilitative fat
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"bad fat" found in tallow (beef oils), tropical oil, oil with saturated and trans fats
increases palatability and texture high calorie fuel stored in adipose tissue aids vitamin absorption/digestion |
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Define functional fat
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"good fat" that is involved in cellular reglation or metabolism
only needs to be present at small amounts |
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Lipoproteins
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molecules of conjugated lipis and proteins, formed in hepatocytes via TGs + apoprotein
chylomicron < VLDL < LDL < HDL |
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Define fiber
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any carbohydrate not digested enzymatically in the small intestine; most are beta-linked
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Define resistant starch
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carb that is digested by microbial fermentation in LI into VFAs
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Define soluble fiber
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carbs that are readily soluble in water and undergo fermentation in LI to yield VFAs
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What are benefits of fermentation?
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increase bulk and water, balance GI transit time, pos. influence on bacteria, promote VFA production
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What are the 7 required macrominerals?
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Ca, P, Na, Cl, K, Mg, S
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What are the 7 required microminerals?
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Cu, Co, Se, I, Zn, Mn, Fe
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What are functions of minerals?
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structural components in bone, electrolytes to maintain osmolality, allosteric regulators, cofactors, ligands of enzymes, inter- and intra-cellular messengers
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Describe fat soluble vitamins
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A,D,E,K
stored 3-6 mos in adult, shorter in younger excess intake can be toxic |
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Describe water soluble vitamins
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B-complex, C
need frequent intake, can't store, toxicity isn't an issue |
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Describe dry food
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Kibbles
Meals Expanded |
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What is moisture content of expanded (dry) pet food diet?
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10% moisture
less palatable, low fat, inexpensive |
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What is moisture of wet pet food diet?
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75% moisture
more palatable, higher fat, more expensive |
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What are "popular" brands of pet food?
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National brand, sold in grocery stores
tested by feeding trials, but no standard formula marketing focused on pet owners, aim for anthropomorphism |
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What are "premium" brands of pet foods?
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national brand sold at speciality pet stores and vet clinics
tested by feeding trials (but maybe not on sick animals), standard formula marketing aimed at owners and vets, aim for nutrition |
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What are "Generic" brands of pet foods?
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private label of local/regional manufacturer, sold in grocery stores
meet AAFCO standards without testing cheaper ingredients, maybe less digestible |
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"beef"
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>70%
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"beef dinner", "with beef"
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>10%
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"in gel", "in gravy"
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>78% water
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"beef flavor"
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anything recognized by pet
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What does FDA regulate on pet food labels
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manufacturing inspections, prohibit sale of adultered food or misbranded food with false, misleading, or incomplete labels
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What does Federal Trade Commission regulate on pet food labels?
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regulates advertising
prohibits false or misleading labels |
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WHat does Fair Packaging and Labeling Act regulate on pet food labels?
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regulates size and location of labels
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What does USDA regualte on pet food labels?
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requires statement "dog/cat/animal food"
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What are state regualtions of pet food labels?
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Feed control
Food and Drug Acts Weights and Measures |
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What does AAFCO regulate?
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develops and implements uniform and equitable laws, regulations, standards, definitions, and enforcement policies regulating manufacture, labeling, distribution, and sale
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What is the Uniform State Feed Bill and Regulations?
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same label can be in all 50 states
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What is on the principal display panel?
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manufacturer name, brand name, product name
designation, net weight, product vignette |
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What is on information panel?
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Ingredient list, guaranteed analysis, adequacy claim, nutrition statement, feeding guidelines, UPC, manufacturer name and address
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What are Category I feeds?
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high CP, low CF
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What are Category II feeds?
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low CP, high CF
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What is ARMS?
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Assessment (diet hx, appetite, life stage, activity, dz presence, BCS, CBC, Chem Panel)
Route Monitoring Start slow |
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What defines a severely malnourished patient?
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>10%BW lost or 20% BW lost in dogs
anorexia muscle wasting, recent weight loss |
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What is energy content from carb, protein, fat?
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Carb: 3.5kcal/g
Protein: 3.5kcal/g Fat: 8.5kcal/g |
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Describe nutrient composition
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Balanced nutrition requires attention to all nutrient groups; need to meet nutrient requirements as animal eats to meet its energy (caloric) needs
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Define palatability
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acceptance by patient; related to odor, water, digest, fat/protein, temp, texture (cats), some flavors
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Metabolic Energy Expenditure
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total amount of energy needed to get up in morning and go throughout the day
includes digestion, absorption, temp regulation, activity ME = 2*BEE (cats) ME = 1.4*BEE |
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What is rule of thumb for MEE for canine?
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ME = 125*BW(kg)^0.75
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What physiological states alter nutritional needs of dogs and cats?
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Adult maintenance
Gestation Lactation Growth: 0-3 mos, 3-6mos, 6-12mos Working dogs: light, medium, heavy |
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What is rule of thumb for repro-active bitches?
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(2-4)*ME
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What is rule of thumb for puppies and kittens growing?
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0-3mos: 2*ME
3-6mos: 1.6*ME 6-12mos: 1.2*ME |
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What is rule of thumb for working dogs?
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light work: 1.5ME
medium: 2ME heavy: (2.5-4)ME |
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What is rule of thumb for adult cats at maintenance?
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ME = 70*BW(kg)
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What are some of the nutritional unique qualities of cats
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high total protein requirement
require Arginine and Taurine require niacin, vit A, vit D in diet require AA in kittens and queens continuously in gluconeogenic state |
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What is function of taurine?
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Bile acid conjugation
retinal function myocardial function female repro |
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Taurine deficiency
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retinal degeneration (irreversible), dilated cardiomyopathy (reversible), poor repro performance, poor postnatal growth, immune deficiency, increased platelet aggregation
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What are some enzymes missing in cats?
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Pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase, ornithine aminotransferase
cystein dioxygenase, CSA decarboxylase glucokinase delta6 desaturase |
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Arachidonic acid deficiency
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Poor growth, scruffy hair coat, dermal lesions, slow wound healing, fatty liver, cleft palate deformities in kittens
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Vitamin A toxicity
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deforming cervical spondylosis
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Arginine deficiency
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Hyperammonium
coma, tetany, death |
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What are omega-3 FA requirements in toms and queens?
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Toms need LA
Queens, kittens need AA |
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What dietary change affects canine skin and hair coat?
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high saturated fat
LA (n-6) is what actually is good for skin health, but ALA (n-3) has sparing effect |
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What lipid fraction coats hair shaft and is involved in skin and hair coat improvements?
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Cholesterol ester
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What effect do n-6 FAs have on inflammation?
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Pro-inflammatory
AA --> LTB4, PGE2, pro-MMP --> protein cleavage, tissue damage |
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What effect do n-3 FAs have on inflammation?
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Anti-inflammatory
EPA --> increased neutrophil membrane fluidity, decreased superoxide dismutase activity, decreased PGE2, ex vivo phagocytosis LTB5, TIMP-2 (inhibits MMP) |
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What omega3 FAs are incorporated into milk?
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Milk composition mirrored bitch diet composition
high ALA in diet --> high ALA in milk, but not EPA |
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Can puppies synthesize DHA?
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neonatal canines can preferentially make DHA from ALA, but this ability tapers off quickly
DHA is conditionally essential for puppies (and kittens) |
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Define obesity
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15-20% more BW than optimum
4.5/5 BCS |
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What are causes of simple obesity?
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Too many calories, too little exercise, individual variation, normal aging, high palatability diet, guilt/bonding, treats
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What are medical causes of obesity?
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Hypothyroidism, hyperadrenocorticism, Diabetes Mellitus
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What are complications of obesity?
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Orthopedic, Diabetes Mellitus, CV disease, exercise and heat intolerance, anesthetic complications, infectious disease, transitional cell carcinoma
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Two forms of obesity
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Hypertrophic (increase size of fat cells)
Hyperplastic (increase number of fat cells; more dangerous) |
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Why do we set calories at 60%MERoptimum?
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Animal should lose 2%BW per week
need to set calorie intake below MERoptimum to reach lower target weight |
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Why eat multiple small meals?
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More daily heat loss
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Effect of high fiber on diet
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promote satiety and calorie reduction
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Effect of L-carnitine on diet
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improve FA transport into mitochondria for beta-oxidation
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Effect of ALA on weight-reduction diet
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Stimulate uncoupling protein, increased heat production and burning of calories
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Effect of diacylglycerol (DAG) on weight-reduction diet
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decrease post-prandial TGemia, icnrease beta-oxidation, decrease adipose accumulatoin, prevent rebound weight gain
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"Down regulation" of energy needs during dieting
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With a weight loss regimen, see metabolic "down regulation" of energy needs so that fewer calories are needed to maintain weight after target weight is reached
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Describe MOA of Slentrol
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inhibit Diroltapide-MTP, which packages fat into intestinal cells
block release lipoproteins --> lipid remains in intestinal cells --> release of PYY into bloodstream --> icnreased satiety, decreased appetite |
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Describe struvite uroliths
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Mg, NH4+, PO4, +/- Ca
alkaline-favored concurrent with UTIs most common type in dogs <1yo, female dogs |
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Descibe ammonium urate uroliths
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NH4, uric acid
acidic-favored concurrent with portosystemic shunts, +/- UTI, Dalmatians |
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Descibr calcium oxylate uroliths
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Calcium, oxalic acid
can't be dissolved |
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What conditions are required for urolith formation?
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supersaturated solution of urolith constituents
pH favorable for crystallization suffienct time for cystallization |
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What is dietary treatment option for struvite uroliths?
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low Mg, PO4, Ca, protein (low NH4); high Na (diuresis)
promote acidic urine Hill's s/d for treatment Hill's c/d for prevention |
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What is dietary treatment option for ammonium urate uroliths?
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low purines (meat), low protein (low NH4)
use rice, egg, casein, whey Hill's u/d for treatment and prevention |
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What is dietary prevention for calcium oxylate?
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Hill's u/d, w/d, k/d for dogs
low Ca, low oxalate potassium citrate (K binds oxalate, citrate binds Ca) thiazide |
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Post-prandial alkaline tide
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transient rise in blood pH (alkalinization) follow a meal
increase this with delayed gastric emptying or increased gastric phase (high fat, dry diet, large meal) |
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What are fixed cations?
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Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+
contribute to whole-body alkaline load |
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What are fixed anions?
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Cl-
combine with NH4 --> acidic urine |
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What effect do plant proteins have on urine pH?
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Favor alkaline urine
high K+ and Mg+ --> whole body alkalinization K+ displaces NH4+, HCO3- displaces Cl- --> alkaline urine |
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What effect do meat diets have on urine pH?
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Favor acidic urine
high P, high Sulfur AAs --> H2SO4 (strong acid) --> H+ ions lost in urine |
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What is signalment of feline FLUTD?
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male cats >2yrs old
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What are diet options to prevent FLUTD?
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maintain acidic urine, low Mg content
avoid alkalinizing mineral load (Mg, Ca, K) dilute urine (add salt) |
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What is possible pitfall of over-zealous urinary acidification in cats?
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Excess NH4Cl or urinary acidification can lead to hypokalemia
K+ excreted with Cl-, chronic metabolic acidosis promotes Ca and subsequent K loss, Mg depletion induces K+ loss |
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What are dietary guidelines to feeding older, healthy dogs?
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Moderate protein (want this highly digestible, though)
mod-low P reudced energy intake, low fat moderate fiber |
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What are goals of dietary therapy for CRF?
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Maintain neutral or pos. nitrogen balance
maintain GFR minimize azotemia |
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What are dietary guidelines for canine CRF patients?
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Moderate protein (until critical point)
low phosphorus often have higher fat for palatability |
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Describe role of protein in food allergies
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Proteins are the most antigenic, but no protein is more antigenic (it's all about being novel)
allergens are usually 18,000 - 36,000 Daltons and capable of inducing an immune response |
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What are the 4 dietary characteristics altered in managing GI disease
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Amount of food
form of food frequency of feeding nutrient composition of food |
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What dietary factors affect rate of gastric emptying?
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More food at one time --> increased gastric retention
More frequent meals --> decreased gastric retention More liquid diet --> decreased gastric retention More fat (nutrient) --> increased gastric retention more soluble fiber --> slower GI time |
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What is the effect of high fat on the GI tract?
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decreased rate of gastric emptying
decreased tone of lower esophageal sphincter increased pancreatic exocrine secretions |
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In what GI diseases is a lower fat diet indicated (due to decreased fat digestion ability)?
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Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
Cholestatic liver dz Severe intestinal dz (SI) lymphatic obstruction |
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What are GI effects of soluble fiber?
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No effect on transit (might slow it), decreased fecal bulk, increaed bacterial fermentation, high water binding
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What are GI effects of insoluble fiber?
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Normalize transit time (decrease if fast, increase if slow), increase bulk, less fermentation, less water
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When do we use high fiber diets?
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Colon disease
usually bad for SI disease, unless it's high in soluble fiber may be used to treat SI bacterial overgrowth, IBD, pancreatitis, colitis, constipation normalizes colonic segmental contractions |
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What is main energy source of enterocytes of SI?
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glutamine (in digested protein)
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What is main energy souce of colonocytes?
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Butyrate (SCFA, result of bacterial fermentation)
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What is an elemental diet?
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Powdered diet normally formulated for humas
no intact protein, carb, fat--have Glc, AAs, FAs usually high carb, low protein, low-mod fat |
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What is a polymeric diet?
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Complete nutrition liquid diet formulated for dogs and cats
intact nutrients |
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Describe highly digestible diets
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>87% protein digestibility, >90% carb/fat digestibility
mod to low fat, some soluble fiber, low insoluble fiber used for GI disease, esp. in SI |
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Describe hypoallergenic diets
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Low number of novel, highly digestible protein sources or protein dryolysate
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Describe hydrolyzed diets
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highly digestible diet made only of hydrolyzed protein--protein is not intact, peptides <15 Daltons
can work for GI disease, but check if they are low fat |
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Describe high fiber diets
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Higher insoluble fiber; usually low fat
used for weight loss, colitis, probably not SI (decreased digestibility) |
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What is a food allergy?
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Immune-mediated cause of adverse reaction to food
IgE or non-IgE mediated events assoc. with dermocologic and GI disease in dogs and cats |
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What is food tolerance?
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more common, non-immunological cause of adverse reaction to food
cause GI upset, usually not derm. signs may be metabolic, pharmacologic, or idiosyncratic in cause animals respond to diet change in 2-3 wks |
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What is dietary indiscretion?
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Non-immunological cause of adverse reaction to food
assoc. with scavenging, gluttony, pica, ingesting inappropriate or new food source |
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What is dietary therapy for Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency?
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Highly digestible diet: low fat, low fiber, moderate protein
pancreatic enzyme supplementation or raw pancreas |
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What are nutritional considerations in acute pancreatitis?
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Fluid replacement (electrolytes)
low fat watch for hyperglycemia |
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Describe feeding dogs with pancreatitis
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NPO for 1-2d to reduce pancreatic secretions, then add enteral diets
low fat, high fiber foods with standard protein |
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What are goals of nutritional management of diabetes?
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Normalize body weight, feed palatable food so intake is predictable, maintain consistency in content and timing of meals (esp. dogs), minimize post-pranial blood Glc level
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How do you feed diabetic dogs?
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Mod amounts of dietary fiber minimize post-pranial glycemia
low fat watch electrolyte balances |
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How do you feed diabetic cats?
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Decrease calories
use high protein, low carb diet Wet food is better because better calorie control |
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How does carb metabolism differ in feline?
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No inducible glucokinase--longer post-pranial hyperglycemia
less salivary and intestinal amylase no frucokinase preferentially use protein metabolism for glycogen synthesis |
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What are dental diets?
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high insoluble fiber
Hill's t/d, Purina DH |
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What are highly-digestible diet examples?
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Hill's i/d, Purina EN, Iams Low Resistance, RC Hypoallergenic venison, RC HE
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What are examples of diets with high insoluble fiber?
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Hill's w/d, Hill's r/d, RC CC High Protein
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What are examples of diets with moderate fiber?
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RC Calorie control, Purina DCO
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What are examples of hypoallergenic diets?
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Hill's d/d, Iams response FP, Purina LA, RC IVD Venison/Rabbit
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What are examples of hydrolyzed diets?
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Hill's z/d, Purina HA, RC Hypoallergenic HP
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What are examples of low fat diets?
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Hill's i/d, Iams Low Residue, Purina EN, IVD Sensitive, RC Waltham LF, Hill's w/d, Purina OM
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What are examples of diets to use for canine diabetes?
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Purina DCO, Hill's r/d
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What are examples of diets to use for EPI?
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Purina EN
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What are examples of diets to use for pancreatitis (dogs)?
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Hill's r/d, Hill's w/d, Purina OM, RC Calorie Count
(low fat, high fiber) |
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What are examples of diets to use for feline diabetes?
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Purina DM, Hill's m/d
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What are examples of diets to use for Liver disease?
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Hill's k/d, u/d, Purina NF, IVD modified, RC Renaly MP/LP, Iams Petcare Multi-Stage Renal
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