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153 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Rule of thumb for daily consumption by animal
at maintenance, adults eat 2% BW in DM
What are 5 general categories of feed ingredients?
forages, concentrates, supplements, by-products, additives
What patient factors affect nutrient requirements?
age, ambient temp, health status
diet composition
Define Basal Energy Requirements (BER)
energy needed for a normal, awake, fasting, resting, intact animal in a thermoneutral state
Define Resting Energy Requirements
the amount of energy to wake up in the morning
Define Daily Energy Requirements
energy needed for maintenance + energy for work and production
What factors influence DER?
body weight, energy requirement (growth, repro status, activity), age, environ, neutering, sex
Gross energy (GE)
energy released/measured from burning the sample; total energy amount within a feed
Digestible energy
GE - FE
energy that is absorbed from the ingesta
Total Digestible Nutrients
%TDN = %digestible protein + %digestible carb + (2.25x%digestible fat)
closely related to DE: doesn't account for losses in urine, gases, or heat
Metabolizable energy (ME)
DE - (UE + GP)
amount of energy that is biologicallly utilizable
Net energy
ME - HI
final energy amount available
and used for maintenance and production
Biological value
% of absorbed protein that is retained in body; meausre of protein's usability by the body
Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER)
measure of ability of dietary protein to be converted into tissue
What is the signifiance of Glutamine?
semi-essential (conditionally essential)
impt during times of stress--used as a gluconeogenic precursor, protects GI mucosa
hydrolyzed to glutamate, which has decreased digestibility in cats
What is the significance of arginine?
Essential in dogs/cats, not humans
prevents hyperammonium by continuing/perpetuating the urea cycle
esp. impt in cats, who can't resynthesize ornithine without adequate Arg in diet
stimulates immune system, increases hormone secretion, source of NO
What is the limiting amino acid in mammals?
Lysine
(protein is often the limiting nutrient as well)
Limiting nutrient
nutrient that is present in the least concentration relative to the animal's requirement
What is the structure of an essential fatty acid?
contains at least 2 double bonds in a methylene-interrupted, cis-cist configuration
labeled as n-6 or n-3 FAs
What are effects of eicosanoids?
Products of arachidonic acid metabolism
inflammation (WBCs), vasoactive properties (renal, cardiac), protective properties in GI, CNS development, fertility
What is function of linoleic acid?
omega-6 FA
skin and hair coat function
essential in cats and dogs
What is function of arachidonic acid?
omega-6 FA
Production of eicosanoids
important in reproduction, inflammation
conditionally essential in cats during growth and female reproduction
What is function of alpha-linolenic acid?
omega-3 FA
skin and hair coat function (spares LA)
not essential for cats or dogs
What is function of EPA (eicosapentanoic acid)?
omega-3 FA
anti-inflammatory effects (inhibit MMP-9, activate TIMP, more LTB4)
not essential
What is function of DHA (docosahexanoic acid)?
omega-3 FA
neural development
conditionally essential for growth and female reproduction in cats and dogs
Define facilitative fat
"bad fat" found in tallow (beef oils), tropical oil, oil with saturated and trans fats
increases palatability and texture
high calorie fuel
stored in adipose tissue
aids vitamin absorption/digestion
Define functional fat
"good fat" that is involved in cellular reglation or metabolism
only needs to be present at small amounts
Lipoproteins
molecules of conjugated lipis and proteins, formed in hepatocytes via TGs + apoprotein
chylomicron < VLDL < LDL < HDL
Define fiber
any carbohydrate not digested enzymatically in the small intestine; most are beta-linked
Define resistant starch
carb that is digested by microbial fermentation in LI into VFAs
Define soluble fiber
carbs that are readily soluble in water and undergo fermentation in LI to yield VFAs
What are benefits of fermentation?
increase bulk and water, balance GI transit time, pos. influence on bacteria, promote VFA production
What are the 7 required macrominerals?
Ca, P, Na, Cl, K, Mg, S
What are the 7 required microminerals?
Cu, Co, Se, I, Zn, Mn, Fe
What are functions of minerals?
structural components in bone, electrolytes to maintain osmolality, allosteric regulators, cofactors, ligands of enzymes, inter- and intra-cellular messengers
Describe fat soluble vitamins
A,D,E,K
stored 3-6 mos in adult, shorter in younger
excess intake can be toxic
Describe water soluble vitamins
B-complex, C
need frequent intake, can't store, toxicity isn't an issue
Describe dry food
Kibbles
Meals
Expanded
What is moisture content of expanded (dry) pet food diet?
10% moisture
less palatable, low fat, inexpensive
What is moisture of wet pet food diet?
75% moisture
more palatable, higher fat, more expensive
What are "popular" brands of pet food?
National brand, sold in grocery stores
tested by feeding trials, but no standard formula
marketing focused on pet owners, aim for anthropomorphism
What are "premium" brands of pet foods?
national brand sold at speciality pet stores and vet clinics
tested by feeding trials (but maybe not on sick animals), standard formula
marketing aimed at owners and vets, aim for nutrition
What are "Generic" brands of pet foods?
private label of local/regional manufacturer, sold in grocery stores
meet AAFCO standards without testing
cheaper ingredients, maybe less digestible
"beef"
>70%
"beef dinner", "with beef"
>10%
"in gel", "in gravy"
>78% water
"beef flavor"
anything recognized by pet
What does FDA regulate on pet food labels
manufacturing inspections, prohibit sale of adultered food or misbranded food with false, misleading, or incomplete labels
What does Federal Trade Commission regulate on pet food labels?
regulates advertising
prohibits false or misleading labels
WHat does Fair Packaging and Labeling Act regulate on pet food labels?
regulates size and location of labels
What does USDA regualte on pet food labels?
requires statement "dog/cat/animal food"
What are state regualtions of pet food labels?
Feed control
Food and Drug Acts
Weights and Measures
What does AAFCO regulate?
develops and implements uniform and equitable laws, regulations, standards, definitions, and enforcement policies regulating manufacture, labeling, distribution, and sale
What is the Uniform State Feed Bill and Regulations?
same label can be in all 50 states
What is on the principal display panel?
manufacturer name, brand name, product name
designation, net weight, product vignette
What is on information panel?
Ingredient list, guaranteed analysis, adequacy claim, nutrition statement, feeding guidelines, UPC, manufacturer name and address
What are Category I feeds?
high CP, low CF
What are Category II feeds?
low CP, high CF
What is ARMS?
Assessment (diet hx, appetite, life stage, activity, dz presence, BCS, CBC, Chem Panel)
Route
Monitoring
Start slow
What defines a severely malnourished patient?
>10%BW lost or 20% BW lost in dogs
anorexia
muscle wasting, recent weight loss
What is energy content from carb, protein, fat?
Carb: 3.5kcal/g
Protein: 3.5kcal/g
Fat: 8.5kcal/g
Describe nutrient composition
Balanced nutrition requires attention to all nutrient groups; need to meet nutrient requirements as animal eats to meet its energy (caloric) needs
Define palatability
acceptance by patient; related to odor, water, digest, fat/protein, temp, texture (cats), some flavors
Metabolic Energy Expenditure
total amount of energy needed to get up in morning and go throughout the day
includes digestion, absorption, temp regulation, activity
ME = 2*BEE
(cats) ME = 1.4*BEE
What is rule of thumb for MEE for canine?
ME = 125*BW(kg)^0.75
What physiological states alter nutritional needs of dogs and cats?
Adult maintenance
Gestation
Lactation
Growth: 0-3 mos, 3-6mos, 6-12mos
Working dogs: light, medium, heavy
What is rule of thumb for repro-active bitches?
(2-4)*ME
What is rule of thumb for puppies and kittens growing?
0-3mos: 2*ME
3-6mos: 1.6*ME
6-12mos: 1.2*ME
What is rule of thumb for working dogs?
light work: 1.5ME
medium: 2ME
heavy: (2.5-4)ME
What is rule of thumb for adult cats at maintenance?
ME = 70*BW(kg)
What are some of the nutritional unique qualities of cats
high total protein requirement
require Arginine and Taurine
require niacin, vit A, vit D in diet
require AA in kittens and queens
continuously in gluconeogenic state
What is function of taurine?
Bile acid conjugation
retinal function
myocardial function
female repro
Taurine deficiency
retinal degeneration (irreversible), dilated cardiomyopathy (reversible), poor repro performance, poor postnatal growth, immune deficiency, increased platelet aggregation
What are some enzymes missing in cats?
Pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase, ornithine aminotransferase
cystein dioxygenase, CSA decarboxylase
glucokinase
delta6 desaturase
Arachidonic acid deficiency
Poor growth, scruffy hair coat, dermal lesions, slow wound healing, fatty liver, cleft palate deformities in kittens
Vitamin A toxicity
deforming cervical spondylosis
Arginine deficiency
Hyperammonium
coma, tetany, death
What are omega-3 FA requirements in toms and queens?
Toms need LA
Queens, kittens need AA
What dietary change affects canine skin and hair coat?
high saturated fat
LA (n-6) is what actually is good for skin health, but ALA (n-3) has sparing effect
What lipid fraction coats hair shaft and is involved in skin and hair coat improvements?
Cholesterol ester
What effect do n-6 FAs have on inflammation?
Pro-inflammatory
AA --> LTB4, PGE2, pro-MMP --> protein cleavage, tissue damage
What effect do n-3 FAs have on inflammation?
Anti-inflammatory
EPA --> increased neutrophil membrane fluidity, decreased superoxide dismutase activity, decreased PGE2, ex vivo phagocytosis
LTB5, TIMP-2 (inhibits MMP)
What omega3 FAs are incorporated into milk?
Milk composition mirrored bitch diet composition
high ALA in diet --> high ALA in milk, but not EPA
Can puppies synthesize DHA?
neonatal canines can preferentially make DHA from ALA, but this ability tapers off quickly
DHA is conditionally essential for puppies (and kittens)
Define obesity
15-20% more BW than optimum
4.5/5 BCS
What are causes of simple obesity?
Too many calories, too little exercise, individual variation, normal aging, high palatability diet, guilt/bonding, treats
What are medical causes of obesity?
Hypothyroidism, hyperadrenocorticism, Diabetes Mellitus
What are complications of obesity?
Orthopedic, Diabetes Mellitus, CV disease, exercise and heat intolerance, anesthetic complications, infectious disease, transitional cell carcinoma
Two forms of obesity
Hypertrophic (increase size of fat cells)
Hyperplastic (increase number of fat cells; more dangerous)
Why do we set calories at 60%MERoptimum?
Animal should lose 2%BW per week
need to set calorie intake below MERoptimum to reach lower target weight
Why eat multiple small meals?
More daily heat loss
Effect of high fiber on diet
promote satiety and calorie reduction
Effect of L-carnitine on diet
improve FA transport into mitochondria for beta-oxidation
Effect of ALA on weight-reduction diet
Stimulate uncoupling protein, increased heat production and burning of calories
Effect of diacylglycerol (DAG) on weight-reduction diet
decrease post-prandial TGemia, icnrease beta-oxidation, decrease adipose accumulatoin, prevent rebound weight gain
"Down regulation" of energy needs during dieting
With a weight loss regimen, see metabolic "down regulation" of energy needs so that fewer calories are needed to maintain weight after target weight is reached
Describe MOA of Slentrol
inhibit Diroltapide-MTP, which packages fat into intestinal cells
block release lipoproteins --> lipid remains in intestinal cells --> release of PYY into bloodstream --> icnreased satiety, decreased appetite
Describe struvite uroliths
Mg, NH4+, PO4, +/- Ca
alkaline-favored
concurrent with UTIs
most common type in dogs <1yo, female dogs
Descibe ammonium urate uroliths
NH4, uric acid
acidic-favored
concurrent with portosystemic shunts, +/- UTI, Dalmatians
Descibr calcium oxylate uroliths
Calcium, oxalic acid
can't be dissolved
What conditions are required for urolith formation?
supersaturated solution of urolith constituents
pH favorable for crystallization
suffienct time for cystallization
What is dietary treatment option for struvite uroliths?
low Mg, PO4, Ca, protein (low NH4); high Na (diuresis)
promote acidic urine
Hill's s/d for treatment
Hill's c/d for prevention
What is dietary treatment option for ammonium urate uroliths?
low purines (meat), low protein (low NH4)
use rice, egg, casein, whey
Hill's u/d for treatment and prevention
What is dietary prevention for calcium oxylate?
Hill's u/d, w/d, k/d for dogs
low Ca, low oxalate
potassium citrate (K binds oxalate, citrate binds Ca)
thiazide
Post-prandial alkaline tide
transient rise in blood pH (alkalinization) follow a meal
increase this with delayed gastric emptying or increased gastric phase (high fat, dry diet, large meal)
What are fixed cations?
Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+
contribute to whole-body alkaline load
What are fixed anions?
Cl-
combine with NH4 --> acidic urine
What effect do plant proteins have on urine pH?
Favor alkaline urine
high K+ and Mg+ --> whole body alkalinization
K+ displaces NH4+, HCO3- displaces Cl- --> alkaline urine
What effect do meat diets have on urine pH?
Favor acidic urine
high P, high Sulfur AAs --> H2SO4 (strong acid) --> H+ ions lost in urine
What is signalment of feline FLUTD?
male cats >2yrs old
What are diet options to prevent FLUTD?
maintain acidic urine, low Mg content
avoid alkalinizing mineral load (Mg, Ca, K)
dilute urine (add salt)
What is possible pitfall of over-zealous urinary acidification in cats?
Excess NH4Cl or urinary acidification can lead to hypokalemia
K+ excreted with Cl-, chronic metabolic acidosis promotes Ca and subsequent K loss, Mg depletion induces K+ loss
What are dietary guidelines to feeding older, healthy dogs?
Moderate protein (want this highly digestible, though)
mod-low P
reudced energy intake, low fat
moderate fiber
What are goals of dietary therapy for CRF?
Maintain neutral or pos. nitrogen balance
maintain GFR
minimize azotemia
What are dietary guidelines for canine CRF patients?
Moderate protein (until critical point)
low phosphorus
often have higher fat for palatability
Describe role of protein in food allergies
Proteins are the most antigenic, but no protein is more antigenic (it's all about being novel)
allergens are usually 18,000 - 36,000 Daltons and capable of inducing an immune response
What are the 4 dietary characteristics altered in managing GI disease
Amount of food
form of food
frequency of feeding
nutrient composition of food
What dietary factors affect rate of gastric emptying?
More food at one time --> increased gastric retention
More frequent meals --> decreased gastric retention
More liquid diet --> decreased gastric retention
More fat (nutrient) --> increased gastric retention
more soluble fiber --> slower GI time
What is the effect of high fat on the GI tract?
decreased rate of gastric emptying
decreased tone of lower esophageal sphincter
increased pancreatic exocrine secretions
In what GI diseases is a lower fat diet indicated (due to decreased fat digestion ability)?
Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
Cholestatic liver dz
Severe intestinal dz (SI)
lymphatic obstruction
What are GI effects of soluble fiber?
No effect on transit (might slow it), decreased fecal bulk, increaed bacterial fermentation, high water binding
What are GI effects of insoluble fiber?
Normalize transit time (decrease if fast, increase if slow), increase bulk, less fermentation, less water
When do we use high fiber diets?
Colon disease
usually bad for SI disease, unless it's high in soluble fiber
may be used to treat SI bacterial overgrowth, IBD, pancreatitis, colitis, constipation
normalizes colonic segmental contractions
What is main energy source of enterocytes of SI?
glutamine (in digested protein)
What is main energy souce of colonocytes?
Butyrate (SCFA, result of bacterial fermentation)
What is an elemental diet?
Powdered diet normally formulated for humas
no intact protein, carb, fat--have Glc, AAs, FAs
usually high carb, low protein, low-mod fat
What is a polymeric diet?
Complete nutrition liquid diet formulated for dogs and cats
intact nutrients
Describe highly digestible diets
>87% protein digestibility, >90% carb/fat digestibility
mod to low fat, some soluble fiber, low insoluble fiber
used for GI disease, esp. in SI
Describe hypoallergenic diets
Low number of novel, highly digestible protein sources or protein dryolysate
Describe hydrolyzed diets
highly digestible diet made only of hydrolyzed protein--protein is not intact, peptides <15 Daltons
can work for GI disease, but check if they are low fat
Describe high fiber diets
Higher insoluble fiber; usually low fat
used for weight loss, colitis, probably not SI (decreased digestibility)
What is a food allergy?
Immune-mediated cause of adverse reaction to food
IgE or non-IgE mediated events
assoc. with dermocologic and GI disease in dogs and cats
What is food tolerance?
more common, non-immunological cause of adverse reaction to food
cause GI upset, usually not derm. signs
may be metabolic, pharmacologic, or idiosyncratic in cause
animals respond to diet change in 2-3 wks
What is dietary indiscretion?
Non-immunological cause of adverse reaction to food
assoc. with scavenging, gluttony, pica, ingesting inappropriate or new food source
What is dietary therapy for Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency?
Highly digestible diet: low fat, low fiber, moderate protein
pancreatic enzyme supplementation or raw pancreas
What are nutritional considerations in acute pancreatitis?
Fluid replacement (electrolytes)
low fat
watch for hyperglycemia
Describe feeding dogs with pancreatitis
NPO for 1-2d to reduce pancreatic secretions, then add enteral diets
low fat, high fiber foods with standard protein
What are goals of nutritional management of diabetes?
Normalize body weight, feed palatable food so intake is predictable, maintain consistency in content and timing of meals (esp. dogs), minimize post-pranial blood Glc level
How do you feed diabetic dogs?
Mod amounts of dietary fiber minimize post-pranial glycemia
low fat
watch electrolyte balances
How do you feed diabetic cats?
Decrease calories
use high protein, low carb diet
Wet food is better because better calorie control
How does carb metabolism differ in feline?
No inducible glucokinase--longer post-pranial hyperglycemia
less salivary and intestinal amylase
no frucokinase
preferentially use protein metabolism for glycogen synthesis
What are dental diets?
high insoluble fiber
Hill's t/d, Purina DH
What are highly-digestible diet examples?
Hill's i/d, Purina EN, Iams Low Resistance, RC Hypoallergenic venison, RC HE
What are examples of diets with high insoluble fiber?
Hill's w/d, Hill's r/d, RC CC High Protein
What are examples of diets with moderate fiber?
RC Calorie control, Purina DCO
What are examples of hypoallergenic diets?
Hill's d/d, Iams response FP, Purina LA, RC IVD Venison/Rabbit
What are examples of hydrolyzed diets?
Hill's z/d, Purina HA, RC Hypoallergenic HP
What are examples of low fat diets?
Hill's i/d, Iams Low Residue, Purina EN, IVD Sensitive, RC Waltham LF, Hill's w/d, Purina OM
What are examples of diets to use for canine diabetes?
Purina DCO, Hill's r/d
What are examples of diets to use for EPI?
Purina EN
What are examples of diets to use for pancreatitis (dogs)?
Hill's r/d, Hill's w/d, Purina OM, RC Calorie Count
(low fat, high fiber)
What are examples of diets to use for feline diabetes?
Purina DM, Hill's m/d
What are examples of diets to use for Liver disease?
Hill's k/d, u/d, Purina NF, IVD modified, RC Renaly MP/LP, Iams Petcare Multi-Stage Renal