Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Reasons and impacts of America's obesity epidemic
|
-Changes in the nations food supply and lifestyles have created an energy imbalance.
|
|
|
satiety
|
the quality or state of being fed or gratified to or beyond capacity
|
|
|
Forms in which energy is stored
|
glycogen, glucose or lipid, triglyceride, protein
|
|
|
what affects Basal Metabolic Rate?
(increase/decrease) |
age, height, growth, fever, stress, environmet/temp, fasting/starvation, malnutrition, thyroxine, hyper/hypo thyroidism
|
|
|
Basal Metabolic Rate (definition)
|
rate at which energy is used for basal metabolism
|
|
|
Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR/REE)
(definition) |
an estimate of BMR
|
|
|
What influences estimated energy requirements?
|
age, gender, weight, height, level of physical activity
|
|
|
what affects does obesity have on our body (cardiovascular)
|
increase in blood pressure, triglyceride, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol
|
|
|
what affects does obesity have on our body (type II diabetes)
|
Fasting blood sugar increases
|
|
|
what affects does obesity have on our body (respiratory)
|
sleep apnea, overworking muscles used for breathing, asthma worsens
|
|
|
what affects does obesity have on our body (cancer)
|
increased risk in cancer of the endometrium, breast, cervix, ovaries (women), colorectal, prostate (men)
|
|
|
what affects does obesity have on our body (other)
|
gallbladder disease is more common, osteoarthritis and degenerative disease increases
|
|
|
components needed to calculate BMI (body mass index)
|
weight in kg/height in sq meters, or weight in lbs/height in square inches
|
|
|
type of cell that stores body fat
|
adipocytes
|
|
|
difference between fortified and enriched
|
Fortified: process of adding nutrients to foods. The added nutrients are generally not found in the food. (calcium in OJ)
Enriched: adding nutrients BACK into foods that have lost nutrients due to processing. (adding B vitamins to white rice) |
|
|
site of vitamin absorption
|
small intestine
|
|
|
bioavailability (definition)
|
refers to the amount of nutrients that can be absorbed and utilized in the body
|
|
|
main function of all B vitamins
|
energy production coenzymes to promote reactions.
|
|
|
how have folate deficiency symptoms been decreased?
|
fortified foods
|
|
|
what are vitamins?
|
organic compounds, important for promotion and regulation of body functions necessary for growth, reproduction and maintenance of health.
|
|
|
group most at risk of developing thiamin deficiency
|
alcoholics
|
|
|
what can destroy riboflavin?
|
heat and light exposure
|
|
|
vitamins that can impact the level of homocysteine
|
folate, b12, b6
|
|
|
vitamin recommended during pregnancy
|
Folate
|
|
|
group with most difficulty meeting b12 needs
|
vegans
|
|
|
disease that results from b12 deficiency
|
anemia
|
|
|
functions of b12
|
needed for maintenace of myelin, cobalamin (coenzyme), important for metabolism of odd numbered fatty acid chains and the amino acid methionine and iron absorption
|
|
|
Vit C can enhance the absorption of what mineral?
|
iron
|
|
|
symptoms of Vit C deficiency
|
scurvy. Poor wound healing, bone and joint aches, bone fracture and loose teeth
|
|
|
what 2 things do fat soluble vitamins require for absorption into mucosal cells?
|
bile and dietary fat
|
|
|
what macronutrient is needed to absorb all fat soluble vitamins?
|
lipids
|
|
|
Functions of vitamin A
|
night vision, cell differentiation and growth regulation.
|
|
|
Form of vit A neccessary for vision
|
retinal
|
|
|
Form of vit A needed for cell differentiation
|
Retinoic acid
|
|
|
Form of Vit A that acts as an antioxidant
|
unconverted carotenoids
|
|
|
Form of Vit A that circulates in blood
|
Retinol
|
|
|
Causes of Vitamin A deficiency
|
insufficient intake of vitamin A, fat, protein, or zinc
|
|
|
Large doses of carotenoids may lead to:
|
hypercarotenemia
|
|
|
Vitamin D primary function
|
maintains blood levels of calcium and phosphorus for bone health. Needed to maintain normal function of parathyroid gland and the immune system
|
|
|
term for weak bones in adults d/t Vit D deficiency
|
osteomalacia
|
|
|
primary function of Vit E
|
antioxidant. Protects unsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes by neutralizing free radicals. needed for reproductive functions in humans.
|
|
|
What is prothrombin needed for and what vit is involved?
|
blood clotting; Vit K
|
|
|
Vit most likely to be deficient in children in developing nations
|
Vit A
|
|
|
% of the body that is water
|
60%. Blood is 90%
|
|
|
extracellular fluid
|
outside of the cell. Has the highest concentration of sodium and chloride and a lower concentration of potassium
|
|
|
intracellular fluid
|
about 2 thirds of body water is found inside cells. Has the highest concentration of protein
|
|
|
interstitial fluid
|
consists of lymph, blood plasma, and extracellular fluid. between the cells
|
|
|
what comprises the largest proportion of water intake?
|
drink
|
|
|
what are the major electrolytes?
|
sodium, potassium, chloride
|
|
|
from what source do americans consume the most salt?
|
processed food
|
|
|
The hormone that increases salt reabsorption is:
|
aldosterone
|
|
|
Disease linked to diets high in sodium
|
diabetes II, hypertension
|
|
|
Organ responsible for regulating the concentration of sodium and chloride in the body
|
kidneys
|
|
|
Attributes of minerals
|
inorganic elements, needed in small amounts for health and maintenance. Needed as structural components and regulators of body processes. not destroyed by heat, oxygen, or acids. May combine with other elements but are not chemically changed in the process
|
|
|
mineral found in varying amounts in food (dependent on water and soil concentration)
|
iron?
|
|
|
most abundant mineral found in the body
|
Calcium
|
|
|
Functions of calcium
|
nerve transmission, muscle contraction, BP regulation, hormone release, major electrolyte
|
|
|
How is the classification of major and trace minerals defined?
|
major minerals are needed in the diet in amounts GREATER than 100mg per day and are present in the body in amounts GREATER than .01% of body weight. trace minerals less than 100mg/day less than .01% body weight
|
|
|
compounds that can interfere with mineral absorption
|
tannins;iron, oxalates; calcium,
|
|
|
Two components of bone resorption and their roles
|
Vit C: collagen formation, protein necessary for formation and maintenance;l Vit D: necessary to maintain balanced levels of Ca and Ph in the blood and enough to maintain stability in the bone
|
|
|
Body's response when phosphorus intake is high
|
parathyroid hormone is releases causing excretion of Ph in urine and retention of Ca by kidney
|
|
|
Site of majority of magnesium storage
|
bone where it is essential for the maintenance of structure
|
|
|
Reason trace minerals are difficult to study
|
difficult to remove from food and study in the body
|
|
|
Protein that iron is a component of
|
hemoglobin?
|
|
|
Lack of this trace mineral is responsible for the most common worldwide nutritional deficiency
|
iron
|
|
|
Condition characterized by a compulsion to eat non-food items
|
pica?
|
|
|
what trace mineral interferes with copper absorption?
|
zinc inhibits copper absorption
absorption reduced by high intake of iron, manganese, and molybdenum |
|
|
Enzyme superoxide dismutase (powerful antioxidant) contains this trace mineral
|
manganese
|
|
|
functions of copper
|
binds to ceruloplasmin (transport protein) for delivery to tissue. Involved in iron and lipid metabolism, connective tissue synthesis, maintenance of heart muscle, normal function of immune and central nervous systems
|
|
|
in what populations is copper deficiency most likely to occur?
|
undeveloped countries
|
|
|
excess flouride in the body can cause what condition?
|
fluorosis
|
|
|
what information must dietary supplement labels carry?
|
the words "dietary supplenents", a supplement facts label which lists: the recommended serving size, name and quantity of each ingredient per serving
|
|
|
manufacturing standards for dietary supplements
|
no mandatory standards exist, The U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP) has developed as voluntary dietary supplement verifacation program
|
|
|
Are there standardized doses
|
no
|
