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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the leading cause of death and permanent disability in the US?
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Cardiovascular Disease
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What is the difference between arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis?
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• Arteriosclerosis » a generic term for several diseases in which the arterial wall becomes thickened and looses elasticity
• Atherosclerosis » a form of arteriosclerosis characterized by patch subintimal thickening of medium & large arteries |
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What are the ATP III classifications of LDL cholesterol?
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• < 100: Optimal
• 100-129: near optimal/above optimal • 130-159: borderline high • 160-189: high • > 190: very high |
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What are ATP III classifications for total cholesterol?
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• < 200: desirable
• 200-239: borderline high • > 240: high |
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What are the ATP III classifications of HDL cholesterol?
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• < 40: low
• > 60: high |
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What are major risk factors for CHD?
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• age (men > 45; women > 55)
• cigarette smoking • family history of premature CHD (in male 1º relative < 55 y/o; in female 1º relative < 65 y/o) • HTN (BP > 140/90 or on anti-HTN meds) • low HDL |
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What are side effects of statins?
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• myopathy
• increased liver enzymes |
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What are contraindications of statins?
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• Absolute: active or chronic liver disease
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What are side effects of bile acid sequestrants?
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• GI distress
• Constipation • Decreased absorption of other drugs |
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What are contraindications of bile acid sequestrants?
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• Absolute: dysbetalipoproteinemia; TG > 400 mg/dl
• Relative: TG > 200 mg/dl |
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What are side effects of Nicotinic Acid?
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• Flushing
• Hyperglycemia • Hyperuricemia • Hepatoxicity • Upper GI distress |
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What are contraindications of Nicotinic Acid?
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• Absolute: chronic liver disease, severe gout
• Relative: DM, hyperuricemia, PUD |
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What are side effects of Fibric Acid derivatives?
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• Dyspepsia
• Gallstones • Myopathy |
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What are contraindications for Fibric Acids?
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severe renal and hepatic disease
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Patients on simvastatin (Zocor) should avoid what specific food?
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grapefruit and its juice
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What are characteristics of the metabolic syndrome?
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• abdominal obesity
• elevated triglycerides • elevated fasting blood glucose • HTN • low HDL |
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What is the Food & Nutrition Board recommendation for daily sodium intake?
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no more than 2400 mg/day (equals 1 tsp of table salt)
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What are symptoms of diabetes?
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• polyuria
• polydipsia • polyphagia • weight loss • fatigue |
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What are the #1 and #2 causes of blindness in the US?
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• Diabetic retinopathy (#1)
• Macular degeneration (#2) |
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What week of pregnancy dose gestational diabetes usually occur?
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between 24-28 weeks
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How should exercise be incorporated into the lifestyle of a diabetic patient?
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• Type I: exercise can complicate glucose control; should be done on a regular basis and be considered carefully as meals are planned to avoid hypoglycemia
• Type II: exercise is very beneficial (helps imrove weight control, glucose level, and the cardiovascular system) |
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What are symptoms of hypoglycemia?
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• blurred vision
• confusion • eventual unconsicousness • headache • poor coordination • tremors |
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What are symptoms of uremia?
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• coma
• convulsions • headache • nausea |
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True/False: Patients with renal disease should have an increased protein intake
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• Protein increases the amount of nitrogen waste the kidneys must handle
• Protein intake should be limited • The correct answer is: False |
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Why may a dialysis patient require additional protein?
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protein is lost during the dialysis process
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A typical renal diet could be written as "80-3-3." What does that mean?
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80 g protein, 3 g sodium, 3 g potassium daily
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What is the most common type of kidney stone?
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Calcium Oxalate stones
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How should calcium intake be adjusted to decrease the risk of calcium oxalate stones?
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• higher dietary calcium intake decreases the incidence of renal stones for most people
• dietary calcium remains in the gut where it binds to oxalate • bound oxalate cannot be absorbed (so it never enters the bloodstream or the kidneys to cause stones) and is excreted in the feces |
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What foods should be restricted for a patient with uric acid stones?
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Purine-rich foods (ex. meats, fish, poultry, organ meats, anchovies, etc.)
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What are characteristics of Struvite stones?
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• 2nd most common (10-15%)
• composed of ammonium, magnesium, & phosphate • develop following UTI infections • can develop into jagged structure called "Staghorn" calculus |
