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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the calorie requirement for an infant in their 1st year?
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100 kcal/kg/day
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Why is breastfeeding good?
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• provides infant w/ temporary immunity to many infectious disease
• economical, nutritionally adequate, sterile, and easily digested • studies suggest that breast-fed infants grow more rapidly and have fewer infections |
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How often should breastfeeding occur?
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• every 2 hours in the first few weeks
• infant should nurse 10-15 min on each breast |
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What are indications of adequate nutrition for an infant?
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• infant has 6 or more wet diapers per day
• infant has normal growth • infant has 1 or 2 mustard-colored bowel movements per day |
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True/False: Infants under one year should not be given cow's milk
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True
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Why should infants under one year not be given cow's milk?
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• receive inadequate amounts of Vit E, iron, & essential fatty acids
• receive excessive amounts of protein, sodium, & potassium • whole cow's milk protein and fat are difficult to digest and absorb for an infant |
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Infants should be limited to breast milk or formula until what age?
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4 - 6 months
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When can solid foods be introduced to an infant?
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4 - 6 months and should be done gradually
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What can happen if an infant is introduced to solid food before 4 months?
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may stimulate the development of food allergies
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What are adverse effects of giving cow's milk to an infant under 1 year old?
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• Excessive renal solute load
• GI blood loss • Iron deficiency anemia (due to low iron content & GI bleed) |
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Why should honey never be given to an infant?
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it could be contaminated with Clostridium botulinum bacteria
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When does the sucking reflex develop?
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34 weeks
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What are characterisitcs of Cystic Fibrosis?
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• a hereditary disorder characterized by lung congestion & infection
• malabsorption of fat by the pancreas |
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How should diet be adjusted for a patient with Cystic Fibrosis?
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• 35-40% of diet should be from fat
• take the digestive enzymes in pill form • night time tube feedings may be indicated |
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How is failure to thrive determined in an infant?
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determined by plotting the height and weight of the infant on a growth chart
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What are causes of failure to thrive in an infant?
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• AIDS
• child abuse • congenital abnormalities • lack of bonding • malnutrition • neglect • poverty |
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What is galactosemia?
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• a condition in which there is a lack of the liver enzyme transferase (which converts galactose to glucose)
• causes toxic levels of galactose to accumulate in the blood |
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What can galactosemia cause?
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• abnormal liver function
• cataracts • diarhhea • edena • galactosuria • mental retardation • vomiting |
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What is the treatment for galactosemia?
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• diet therapy (exclusion of anything containing milk from any mammal)
• nutritional supplements (Ca, vit D, riboflavin) |
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What is Phenylketonuria (PKU)?
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• lack the liver enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (which metabolizes phenylalanine)
• infants appear normal at birth, but can develop seizures, are hyperactive, and become mentally retarded between 6-18 months |
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How do you treat a patient with Phenylketonuria (PKU)?
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• restrict high protein & starchy foods
• commercial formula "Lofenalac" • synthetic milk for older children • avoidance of phenylalanine |
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What are characteristics of anorexia nervosa?
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• a psychological disorder that causes a drastic reduction in kcal, disrupting metabolism
• an inordinate fear of being fat |
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What can anorexia nervosa cause?
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• amenorrhea
• brain damage • death • hair loss • low BP • weakness |
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What can bulemia cause?
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• dehydration
• dental caries • electrolyte imbalance • erosion of the teeth • irritation of the esophagus • malnutrition |
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What are the effects of alcohol on metabolism?
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• affects absorption and normal metabolism of glucose, fats, proteins, & vitamins
• lack of absorption niacin and thiamin prohibit the cells from using glucose for energy • causes the kidneys to excrete larger than normal amounts of water, resulting in loss of minerals |
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What are physiological problems associated with marijuana?
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• breathing problems
• changes in the reproductive organs • coordination becomes worse • headache • nausea • reduced blood flow to the brain • tremors |
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What is the protein requirement for an adult?
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0.8 g/kg of body weight
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What is the current requirement for calcium for adults?
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1000 mg for 19-50 y/o
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What is the Vit D requirement for an adult?
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5 µg/day
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A patient taking tetracycline should not ingest what type of food?
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dairy products should not be consumed within two hours of taking tetracycline or it will not be absorbed
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A patient taking anticoagulants should not take what vitamins?
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Vit C and E (antioxidants) because they thin the blood
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How do calorie requirements change with age?
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• kcal requirement decreases 2-3% per decade because metabolism slows and activity is reduced
• have to eat less as you get older |
