Nutrition Kuma

Front 1

Vitamin A
Function
Mega Dose Consequences

Back 1

Normal growth and reproduction, normal skeletal and tooth development, and proper functioning of most organs of the body, namely the eye (conjunctiva, retina, cornea).

Mega doses can lead to a toxic syndrome known as hypervitaminosis A. HA is the predominant symptom, but is accompanied by diplopia (double vision), N/V, vertigo, fatigue or drowsiness

Front 2

Vitamin D
Function
Mega Dose Consequences

Back 2

Properties of a hormone and a vitamin, necessary for the proper formation of bones and of mineral homeostasis, parathyroid hormone (homeostasis of serum calcium

May lead to anorexia, hypercalcaemia, soft tissue calcification, kidney stones and renal failure

Front 3

Vitamin E
Function
Mega Dose Consequences

Back 3

Functions primarily as an antioxidant, protecting cellular membranes from oxidative damage or destruction (aided by vit C).

Relatively nontoxic, but high-dose, long term therapy is unknown. It is fat soluble

Front 4

Vitamin K
Function
Mega Dose Consequences

Back 4

Two roles: (1) promotes synthesis of clotting factors II, VII, IX, X in the liver, and (2) activated those factors with the use of anticoagulation proteins C and S

Does not produce toxic manifestations.

Front 5

Vitamin C
Function
Mega Dose Consequences

Back 5

Necessary for the biosynthesis of hydroxyproline (a precursor of collagen, dentin, and osteoid). Reduces ferric iron in the stomach for absorption. Vitamin C supplements to aid in iron absorption are generally not necessary with adequate iron supplements. Has been shown to help lower incidences of cancers (not stomach or colorectal) when consumed in fuit form (5 servings/day), but evidence does not support prevention of the common cold.

Nausea stomach cramps, diarrhea, nephrolithiasis. Ascorbic acid toxicity in pts with G6P deficiencies. Rebound scurvy in newborns (sudden withdrawal) after being born from a mother who took high doses of it during pregnancy. Anyone with renal function issues is at higher risk

Front 6

Folic Acid
Function
Mega Dose Consequences

Back 6

reduced in vivo to reduced form, tetrahydrofolic acid, and are involved in the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines. It is further transformed in the body and is used in DNA synthesis and RBC maturation

toxicity is virtually non-existent since it is a water soluble vitamin that is rapidly excreted

Front 7

Niacin
Function
Mega Dose Consequences

Back 7

coenzyme electron transfer agent (accept or donate hydrogen in the aerobic respiration of all body cells. Can be synthesized from dietary tryptophan (60mg tryptophan--> 1mg niacin).

toxicity can involve GI symptoms, hepatotoxicity, skin lesions, tachycardia, and hypertension

Front 8

Vitamin B6
Function
Mega Dose Consequences

Back 8

Water soluble vitamin. Serves as a cofactor for over 60 enzymes including decarboxylases, synthetases, transaminases, and hydroxylases. Important in the heme production and in metabolism of homocystein

Toxic in high doses. Severe sensory neuropathy, inhibition of prolactin.

Front 9

Vitamin B2, Riboflavin
Function
Mega Dose Consequences

Back 9

Water soluble and essential for cellular growth and maintenance of vision, mucous membranes, skin, nails and hair

yellow/orange fluorescence discoloration of the urine, but reassure patients that this is normal

Front 10

Vitamin B1, Thiamin
Function
Mega Dose Consequences

Back 10

The active form, thiamin pyrophosphate, plays a vital role in the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvic acid, the formation of acetyl CoA

excess doses are easily excreted by the kidneys.

Front 11

Vitamin H, Biotin
Function

Back 11

Required for various metabolic processes including, fat, carbohydrate and amino acid

Front 12

Calcium
Function
Mega Dose Consequences

Back 12

Activates a number of enzymes and is required for acetylcholine synthesis. Increases cell membrane permeability. Aids in B12 absorption, regulated muscle contraction and control, clotting factors, nerve impulses

More than 2g/day can lead to increased calcium urine output and lead to kidney stones. Hypercalcaemia in patients also taking vitamin D with a multitude of symptoms including calcification of soft tissues

Front 13

Iron
Function
Mega Dose Consequences

Back 13

oxygen and electron transport. Hemoglobin, myoglobin, heme-containing enzymes, and transferring (the transport form of iron

GI irritation, constipation. At excessive doses: abdominal pain, diarrhea, electrolyte imbalances shock and cardiovascular collapse.

Front 14

Magnesium
Function
Mega Dose Consequences

Back 14

Required for normal bone structure formation, formation of more than 300 enzymes including those involved with ATP-dependant phosphorylation, protein synthesis, and carbohydrate metabolism

diarrhea, hypermagnesemia in patients with poor renal function, over use of Epsom salts or milk of magnesia as a laxative.

Front 15

Phosphorus
Function
Mega Dose Consequences

Back 15

essential for many metabolic processes. Ca-Phosphate is structural component of bone. Phospholipids, carbohydrates, nucleoproteins

diarrhea, stomach pain

Front 16

Chromium
Function
Mega Dose Consequences

Back 16

A component of glucose tolerance factor. The dietary organic chromium complex potentiates the activity of insulin

No issues unless it is hexavalent chromium used industrially

Front 17

Selenium
Function
Mega Dose Consequences

Back 17

Antioxidant that serves as part of glutathione peroxidase. This enzyme orotects cells from the peroxidase induced oxidative damage that occurs with cellular metabolism

loss of hair and nails, skin lesions, muscle weakness, fatigue and CNS abnormalities

Front 18

Zinc
Function
Mega Dose Consequences

Back 18

Cofactor in the synthesis of DNAand RNA. Involved in the mobilization of Vitamin A from the liver and enhancement of follicle stimulating hormone and leutinizing hormone. Essential for normal cellular immune functions and for spermatogenesis and testicular function. Important in stabilization of membrane structure

GI irritation. Zinc is toxic at high doses but is emetic as well, so it is usually vomited back up before too much is absorbed. Signs: vomiting, dehydration, muscle incoordination, dizziness and abdominal pain