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143 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 3 monosaccharides
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glucose
fructose galactose |
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What are essential amino acids
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must be injested in the diet
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what are the nine essential a.a.
What are they necessary for |
threonine
leucine isoleucine valine lysine methionine phenylalanine tryptophan histidine tissue growth |
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What are non-essential a.a.
What are the non-essential a.a. |
body can manufacture.
glycine alanine aspartic acid glutamic acid proline hydroxyproline cystine tyrosine serine |
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Which foods give complete proteins
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meats
poultry fish dairy products eggs |
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An example of a partially complete protein is
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geletine
milk |
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What are incomplete proteins
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lack one or more essentail amino acids (most commonly lysine, methionine or tryptophan) and are usually derived from vegetables.
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Where is the most protein broken down
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Small intestine
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Lipids and carbohydrates have what 3 elements
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carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
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What are Macrominerals
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Those minerals that people require daily in amounts >100mg.
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What do macrominerals include
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calcium
phosphorus sodium magnesium K+ chloride sulfur |
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What amount do people require of microminerals
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<100mg
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What do microminerals include
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iron
zinc manganese iodine fluroride copper cobalt chromium selenium |
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How do you calculate BMI?
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Weight in kg/
BMI = (height in meters)2 |
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Orthodox Jews practice Koshar - what does this mean
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that they will only eat certain foods that are inspected by a rabbi and prepared according to dietary laws.
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Milk decreases the absorbtion of which drug
but increases the absorbtion of which other drug |
tetracycline
erythromycin |
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Neonate to 1 year ~ how much breast milk or formula is required per day
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80 to 100 ml of breast milk or formula per kg of body weight
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How much fluid does a healthy toddler weighing 33lb require in 24 hours
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1,250 ml day
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Caloric requirement for the toddler is
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900-1,800 Kcal per day.
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Frequency of feeding for the infant are required around
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every 2 to 21/2 hours
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How much liquid should the average 5 year old preschooler drink per day
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If weight is 20 kg (45 lb) they require at least 75 mL of liquid per kilogram of body weight per day, or 1,500 mL every 24 hours.
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School age children should consume approx. how many calories per day
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2,400 kcal per day
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A healthy 8 year old weighting 30 kg (66 lb) requires how much fluid per day
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1,750 mL per day
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How much of the grain group
adult |
6-11 servings
1 serving = 1 slice bread 1oz ready to eat cerear 1/2 cup cooked cereal 1/2 cup cornmeal 1/2 cup grits 1/2 cup spagetti 1/2 cup macaroni 1/2 cup noodles 1/2 cup popcorn 1/2 tortilla 1/2 cup rice |
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How much of the vegetable group ~ adult
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3-5 servings
1 serving = 1 cup raw leafy veges 1/2 cup other fresh, frozen or canned veges 3/4 cup fresh, frozen or canned juice 1/4 cup dried veges |
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As part of the 3-5 servings of vege group you need to include
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a. 1-2 services of good sources of vitamin c which are brocolli, brussel sprouts, green pepper, asparagus, cabbage, cauliflower, collards, potatos, spinach, tomatoes.
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As part of the 3-5 servings of vege group, you need to include
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b. A good source of vitamin A at least ever other day which are
broccoli carrots chard collards kale pumpkin spinach sweet potatos turnip greens winter squash |
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Fruit group is how many servings daily
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2-4
1 serving = 1 medium apple, banana or orange 1/2 cup of fruit jice 1/4 cup dried fruit |
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Out of the 2-4 servings of fruit required daily which is a good source of vitamin c
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grapefruit or grapefruit juice
orange or orange juice cantaloupe raw strawberries |
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Out of the 2-4 servings of fruit required daily, which is a good source of vitamin A
*** CHOOSE ORANGE FRUITS OFTEN *** |
Apricots, cantaloupe
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How many servings of meat, poultry, fish, beans, eggs and nuts are required daily
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2-3 servings which are
1 serving = 1 egg 1/2 cooked legumes (eg garbonzo, kidney, lima, pinto, or navy beans, lentils, split peas) 3 oz tofu 2 T peanut butter 1/4 cup nots or seeds 2-3 ox lean beef, pork, lamb, veal, poultry or fish |
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Requirements of milk, yogurt and cheese (child under 9)
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2-3
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Requirements of milk, yoghurt and cheese (child 9-12)
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3 or more
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Requirements of milk, yoghurt and cheese (teenager)
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4 or more
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Requirements of milk, yoghurt and cheese (adult)
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2 or more
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Requirements of milk, yoghurt and cheese (pregnant)
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3 or more
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Requirement of milk, yoghurt and cheese (lactating)
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4 or more
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What are the major nutrients in the grain group
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complex carbohydrates, thiamine, niacin, iron, some protein, fiber
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What are the major nutrients in the vegetable group
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carbohydrate, vitamin C, vitamin A, iron, folacin, calcium, fiber
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What are the major nutrients in the fruit group
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Vitamins A and C, potassium, folacin, fiber (naturally low in sodium)
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What are the major sources of nutrients in the meat group
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Portein, vitamin B, iron, zinc, niacin, fats (in meats, nuts and seeds)
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What are the major sources of nutrients in the dairy group
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Protein, fat, vitamins A and D, riboflavin, B12, calcium, phosphorus
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What is somatic protein
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skeletal muscle mass mostly; it is assessed most commonly by conducting anthropometric measurements such as the mid are circumference
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What is visceral protein
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It includes plasma protein, hg, several clotting factors, hormones and antibodies. It is usually assessed by measuring serum protein levels such as albumin and transferrin.
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What do serum protein levels provide
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an estimate of visceral protein stores.
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Serum protein level tests commonly include what
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hg, albumin, transferrin and total iron-binding capacity.
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Although decreased albumin levels are less likely because albumin has such a short half-life, what could cause it
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altered liver function
hydration status losses from open wounds and burns |
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Transferrin levels below normal indicate what
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protein loss
iron deficiency anemia pregnancy hepatitis liver dysfunction An increase in TIBC can indicate iron definciency: a decrease, anemia |
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Clear liquid diet consists of what
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water
tea coffee giner ale carbonated beverages srained and clear juices and plain gelatin |
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Clear liquid diet consists of what
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water
tea coffee giner ale carbonated beverages srained and clear juices and plain gelatin |
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Clear liquid diet consists of what
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water
tea coffee giner ale carbonated beverages srained and clear juices and plain gelatin |
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When is a clear liquid diet given
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short-term 24-36hours provided for clients after certain surgeries or in the acute stages of infection, particularly of the GI tract.
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When is a clear liquid diet given
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short-term 24-36hours provided for clients after certain surgeries or in the acute stages of infection, particularly of the GI tract.
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When is a clear liquid diet given
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short-term 24-36hours provided for clients after certain surgeries or in the acute stages of infection, particularly of the GI tract.
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What are the major objectives of a clear liquid diet
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To prevent dehydration, relieve thirt and minimize stimulation of the GI tract.
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What are the major objectives of a clear liquid diet
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To prevent dehydration, relieve thirt and minimize stimulation of the GI tract.
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What are the major objectives of a clear liquid diet
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To prevent dehydration, relieve thirt and minimize stimulation of the GI tract.
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What is a full-liquid diet
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A diet which contains only liquids or foods that turn to 'liquid' at room temperature, such as ice cream
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What is a full-liquid diet
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A diet which contains only liquids or foods that turn to 'liquid' at room temperature, such as ice cream
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What is a full-liquid diet
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A diet which contains only liquids or foods that turn to 'liquid' at room temperature, such as ice cream
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Which client would get a full liquid diet
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The client with GI disturbances or are otherwise unable to tolerate solid or semisolid foods.
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Which client would get a full liquid diet
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The client with GI disturbances or are otherwise unable to tolerate solid or semisolid foods.
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Which client would get a full liquid diet
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The client with GI disturbances or are otherwise unable to tolerate solid or semisolid foods.
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Why is the full-liquid diet not recommended for long-term use.
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Because it is low in iron, protein and calories. In addition, it has a high cholesterol content because of the amount of milk offered.
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Why is the full-liquid diet not recommended for long-term use.
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Because it is low in iron, protein and calories. In addition, it has a high cholesterol content because of the amount of milk offered.
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Why is the full-liquid diet not recommended for long-term use.
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Because it is low in iron, protein and calories. In addition, it has a high cholesterol content because of the amount of milk offered.
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If a client has to be on full-liquid for a long period of time, what is given additionally.
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Nutritionally balanced oral supplements, such as Ensure or Sustacal. The full liquid diet is monotonous and difficult for clients to accept. Planning six or more feedings per day may encourage a more adequate intake.
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If a client has to be on full-liquid for a long period of time, what is given additionally.
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Nutritionally balanced oral supplements, such as Ensure or Sustacal. The full liquid diet is monotonous and difficult for clients to accept. Planning six or more feedings per day may encourage a more adequate intake.
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If a client has to be on full-liquid for a long period of time, what is given additionally.
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Nutritionally balanced oral supplements, such as Ensure or Sustacal. The full liquid diet is monotonous and difficult for clients to accept. Planning six or more feedings per day may encourage a more adequate intake.
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Examples of foods for full-liquids are.
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Al foods on clear liquid diet
Milk and milk drinks Puddings, custards Ice cream, sherbet Vegetable juices Refined or strained cereals (eg cream of rice) Cream, butter, margarine Eggs in custard and pudding) Smooth peanut btter Yoghurt |
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Examples of foods for full-liquids are.
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Al foods on clear liquid diet
Milk and milk drinks Puddings, custards Ice cream, sherbet Vegetable juices Refined or strained cereals (eg cream of rice) Cream, butter, margarine Eggs in custard and pudding) Smooth peanut btter Yoghurt |
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Examples of foods for full-liquids are.
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Al foods on clear liquid diet
Milk and milk drinks Puddings, custards Ice cream, sherbet Vegetable juices Refined or strained cereals (eg cream of rice) Cream, butter, margarine Eggs in custard and pudding) Smooth peanut btter Yoghurt |
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Which client will usually have the soft diet
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The client who has diffiuculty chewing and swallowing. It is a low-residue (low fiber) diet which contains very few uncooked foods.
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Which client will usually have the soft diet
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The client who has diffiuculty chewing and swallowing. It is a low-residue (low fiber) diet which contains very few uncooked foods.
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Foods allowed on a soft diet are
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All foods on ful and clear liquid diet
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Which client will usually have the soft diet
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The client who has diffiuculty chewing and swallowing. It is a low-residue (low fiber) diet which contains very few uncooked foods.
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Foods allowed on a soft diet are
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All foods on ful and clear liquid diet
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Foods allowed on a soft diet are
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All foods on ful and clear liquid diet
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Clear liquid diet consists of what
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water
tea coffee giner ale carbonated beverages srained and clear juices and plain gelatin |
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Clear liquid diet consists of what
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water
tea coffee giner ale carbonated beverages srained and clear juices and plain gelatin |
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When is a clear liquid diet given
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short-term 24-36hours provided for clients after certain surgeries or in the acute stages of infection, particularly of the GI tract.
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When is a clear liquid diet given
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short-term 24-36hours provided for clients after certain surgeries or in the acute stages of infection, particularly of the GI tract.
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What are the major objectives of a clear liquid diet
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To prevent dehydration, relieve thirt and minimize stimulation of the GI tract.
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What are the major objectives of a clear liquid diet
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To prevent dehydration, relieve thirt and minimize stimulation of the GI tract.
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What is a full-liquid diet
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A diet which contains only liquids or foods that turn to 'liquid' at room temperature, such as ice cream
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What is a full-liquid diet
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A diet which contains only liquids or foods that turn to 'liquid' at room temperature, such as ice cream
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Which client would get a full liquid diet
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The client with GI disturbances or are otherwise unable to tolerate solid or semisolid foods.
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Which client would get a full liquid diet
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The client with GI disturbances or are otherwise unable to tolerate solid or semisolid foods.
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Why is the full-liquid diet not recommended for long-term use.
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Because it is low in iron, protein and calories. In addition, it has a high cholesterol content because of the amount of milk offered.
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Why is the full-liquid diet not recommended for long-term use.
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Because it is low in iron, protein and calories. In addition, it has a high cholesterol content because of the amount of milk offered.
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If a client has to be on full-liquid for a long period of time, what is given additionally.
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Nutritionally balanced oral supplements, such as Ensure or Sustacal. The full liquid diet is monotonous and difficult for clients to accept. Planning six or more feedings per day may encourage a more adequate intake.
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If a client has to be on full-liquid for a long period of time, what is given additionally.
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Nutritionally balanced oral supplements, such as Ensure or Sustacal. The full liquid diet is monotonous and difficult for clients to accept. Planning six or more feedings per day may encourage a more adequate intake.
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Clear liquid diet consists of what
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water
tea coffee giner ale carbonated beverages srained and clear juices and plain gelatin |
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Examples of foods for full-liquids are.
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Al foods on clear liquid diet
Milk and milk drinks Puddings, custards Ice cream, sherbet Vegetable juices Refined or strained cereals (eg cream of rice) Cream, butter, margarine Eggs in custard and pudding) Smooth peanut btter Yoghurt |
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Which client will usually have the soft diet
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The client who has diffiuculty chewing and swallowing. It is a low-residue (low fiber) diet which contains very few uncooked foods.
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When is a clear liquid diet given
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short-term 24-36hours provided for clients after certain surgeries or in the acute stages of infection, particularly of the GI tract.
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Examples of foods for full-liquids are.
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Al foods on clear liquid diet
Milk and milk drinks Puddings, custards Ice cream, sherbet Vegetable juices Refined or strained cereals (eg cream of rice) Cream, butter, margarine Eggs in custard and pudding) Smooth peanut btter Yoghurt |
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What are the major objectives of a clear liquid diet
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To prevent dehydration, relieve thirt and minimize stimulation of the GI tract.
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Which client will usually have the soft diet
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The client who has diffiuculty chewing and swallowing. It is a low-residue (low fiber) diet which contains very few uncooked foods.
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Foods allowed on a soft diet are
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All foods on ful and clear liquid diet
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Foods allowed on a soft diet are
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All foods on ful and clear liquid diet
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What is a full-liquid diet
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A diet which contains only liquids or foods that turn to 'liquid' at room temperature, such as ice cream
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Clear liquid diet consists of what
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water
tea coffee giner ale carbonated beverages srained and clear juices and plain gelatin |
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Which client would get a full liquid diet
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The client with GI disturbances or are otherwise unable to tolerate solid or semisolid foods.
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When is a clear liquid diet given
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short-term 24-36hours provided for clients after certain surgeries or in the acute stages of infection, particularly of the GI tract.
|
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Why is the full-liquid diet not recommended for long-term use.
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Because it is low in iron, protein and calories. In addition, it has a high cholesterol content because of the amount of milk offered.
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What are the major objectives of a clear liquid diet
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To prevent dehydration, relieve thirt and minimize stimulation of the GI tract.
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What is a full-liquid diet
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A diet which contains only liquids or foods that turn to 'liquid' at room temperature, such as ice cream
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If a client has to be on full-liquid for a long period of time, what is given additionally.
|
Nutritionally balanced oral supplements, such as Ensure or Sustacal. The full liquid diet is monotonous and difficult for clients to accept. Planning six or more feedings per day may encourage a more adequate intake.
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Which client would get a full liquid diet
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The client with GI disturbances or are otherwise unable to tolerate solid or semisolid foods.
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Examples of foods for full-liquids are.
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Al foods on clear liquid diet
Milk and milk drinks Puddings, custards Ice cream, sherbet Vegetable juices Refined or strained cereals (eg cream of rice) Cream, butter, margarine Eggs in custard and pudding) Smooth peanut btter Yoghurt |
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Why is the full-liquid diet not recommended for long-term use.
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Because it is low in iron, protein and calories. In addition, it has a high cholesterol content because of the amount of milk offered.
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Which client will usually have the soft diet
|
The client who has diffiuculty chewing and swallowing. It is a low-residue (low fiber) diet which contains very few uncooked foods.
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If a client has to be on full-liquid for a long period of time, what is given additionally.
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Nutritionally balanced oral supplements, such as Ensure or Sustacal. The full liquid diet is monotonous and difficult for clients to accept. Planning six or more feedings per day may encourage a more adequate intake.
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Foods allowed on a soft diet are
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All foods on ful and clear liquid diet
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Examples of foods for full-liquids are.
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Al foods on clear liquid diet
Milk and milk drinks Puddings, custards Ice cream, sherbet Vegetable juices Refined or strained cereals (eg cream of rice) Cream, butter, margarine Eggs in custard and pudding) Smooth peanut btter Yoghurt |
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Which client will usually have the soft diet
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The client who has diffiuculty chewing and swallowing. It is a low-residue (low fiber) diet which contains very few uncooked foods.
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Foods allowed on a soft diet are
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All foods on ful and clear liquid diet
Spagetti sauce with ground meat over pasta Meat alternatives: scrambled eggs, omelet, poached eggs, cottage cheese and other mild cheese Vegetables: mashed potatoes, weet potatoes, or squash; vegetables in cream or cheese sauce, other cooked vegetables as tolerated (eg spinach, cauliflower, asparagus tips), chopped and mashed as needed; avocado Fruits, cooked or canned fruits, bananas, grapefruit and orange sections without membranes, applesauce Breads and cereals: enriched rice, barley, pasta; all breads; cooked cereals (eg oatmeal) Desserts: soft cake, bread pudding. |
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What is a pureed diet
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A modification of the soft diet. Liquid may be added to the food, which is then blended to a semi-solid consistency.
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What is a diet as tolerated and when is it ordered.
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When the client's appetite, ability to eat and tolerance for certain foods may change. I.E. on the first post-op day a client may be given a clear liquid diet. If no nausea occurs, normal intestinal motility has returned and the client feels like eating, the diet may be advanced to full-liquid, light or regular diet.
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Where is an ng tube placed
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through one of the nostrils, down the nasopharyns, and into the alimentary tract. In some instances, trough the mouth and pharynx. This approach is often used for infants who are obligatory nose breathers and premature infants who have no gag reflex.
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Who uses ng tubes
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clients who have intact gag and cough reflexes, who have adequate gastric emptying and who require short-term feedings.
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Other than to provide nutrition, why else is an NG tube used
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To prevent nausea, vomiting, and gastric distention following surgery. In this case, the tube is attached to a suction source.
To remove stomach contents for lab. analysis. To lavage (wash) the stomach in cases of poisoning or over-dose of medications. |
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Where is a nasoenteric tube placed and how long is it.
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through one nostril down into the upper small intestine. 40 inches for an adult.
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Which client would require a nasoenteric tube
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Those at risk for aspiration
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Which client would require a gastrostomy and jejunostomy device
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Clients requiring long-term nutritional support, generally more than 6 to 8 weeks.
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Where and how are gastrostomy and jejunostomy devices placed
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surgically or by laparoscopy through the abdominal wall into the stomach (gastrostomy) or into the jejunum (jejunostomy).
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When aspirating what is the ph of the gastric secretions
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1 to 4 but may be as high as 6 if the client is receiving medications that control gastric acid.
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What is the ph of small intestine ph
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>6 usually
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Enteral feedings can be given intermittently or consistently. Intermittent feedings are the administration of how much enteral formula how often
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300 to 500 mL/several times per day in the stomach usually over 30 minutes.
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Continuous feedings normally last over what amount of time
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24 hours
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What are cyclic feedings
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continuous feedings that are administered in less than 24 hours (eg. 12 - 16 hours). Usually referred to as nocturnal feedings. *** monitor fluid overload and fluid status carefully ***
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What should be assessed on clients receiving tube feedings
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Allergies to any food in feeding
B/S before fding or Q4-8hrs with continuous feedings Presence of regurgitation and feelings of fullness after feedings Dumping syndrome:nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, cramps, pallor, sweating, heart palpitations, increased pulser rate and faiting after a feeding. Abdominal distention, at least daily. Measure ab. girth at the umbilicus. Diarrhea, constipation, or flatulence. Urine for sugar and acetone. Hct and urine sg. Serum BUN and sodium levels. |
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When is TPN provided
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when the GI tract is nonfunctional because of an interruption in its continuity or because its aabsorptive capacity is imparied.
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Where is Parenteral nutrition administered
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IV such as through a CVC into the superior vena cava.
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What solutions do parenteral feedings supply
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dextrose, water, fat, proteins, electrolytes, vitamins and trace elements; they provide all needed calories. *** Because TPN solutions are hypertonic (highly concentrated in comparison to the solute concentration of blood), they are injected only into high-flow central veins, where they are diluted by the client's blood.
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Which client is a candidate for TPN.
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Severe malnutrition, severe burns, bowel disease disorders (eg. ulcerative colitis or enteric fistual), acute renal failure, hepatic failure, metastatic cancer or major surgeries where nothing may be take PO for more than 5 days.
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What is in TPN
|
10%~50% dextrose in water, plus a mixture of amino acids, and special additives such as vitamins eg B complex, C, D, K minerals (e.g. K+, sodium, chloride, calcium, phosphate, magnesium) and trace elements (e.g. cobalt, zinc, manganese).
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What is significant about fat-soluable vitamins
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They need bile for their absorption.
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The form of Vitamin A active in vision is
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retinol
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To keep minerals available in the blood, vitamin D targets what
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The kidneys, intestines and bones.
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Vitamin D can be made from a precursor called waht
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cholesterol
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The classic sign of vitamin E difficiency is
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erythrocyte hemolysis
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