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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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water comprises ___% of the body
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50 - 70%
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lean muscle contains approx. ___% water
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73%
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fat contains approx. ___ % water
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20%
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T or F
extracellular fluid includes interstitial and intravascular fluids |
True
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intracellular and extracellular fluid is controlled by
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electrolyte concentration
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T or F
during osmosis, water moves from high to low concentration solution |
False
low to high |
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amount of force to prevent the dilution of high concentration solution
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osmotic pressure
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particles/kg of solvent
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osmolarity
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5 purposes of water
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metabolic processes
solvent body temp regulation removal of waste amnio fluid, joint lube, saliva, bile |
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beverages, fruit, and vegetables are ___% water
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90%
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potatoes, chicken, steak are __% water
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50-75%
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jam, crackers, and fats are ___ % water
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35%
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adequate intake of water
men women |
men - 15 cups
women - 11 cups |
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minimum fluid replacement per day
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1-3 liters
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how much water does the body produce as a byproduct of metabolism?
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1 - 1 1/2 cups
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T or F
thirst is a reliable indicator of dehydration |
False
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symptoms of 1 - 2% loss of body weight by dehydration
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thirst
fatigue impaired physio function |
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symptoms of 4% loss of body weight by dehydration
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loss of muscle strength and endurance
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symptoms of 10 - 12% loss of body weight by dehydration
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decreased heat tolerance
weakness |
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symptoms of 20% loss of body weight by dehydration
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coma
death |
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too much water without sufficient electrolytes
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water toxicity
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symptoms of water toxicity
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headaches
blurred vision cramps convulsions |
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what hormones are involved in the conservation of water
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ADH
renin angiostensinogen angiostensin I & II aldosterone |
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major minerals
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"macrominerals"
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Trace minerals
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"microminerals"
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body require __ mg/day of major minerals
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>100 mg/day
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body requires __mg/day of trace minerals
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<100 mg/day
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absorption of minerals determined by
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physiological needs
bioavailability |
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competition with other minerals of similar size and charge
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bioavailability
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bioavailability competition for zinc
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copper
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improves iron absorption
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Vit C
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improves calcium, magnesium and phosphorus absorption
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Vit D
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found in cereal grain fibers
may impair mineral absorption |
phytic acid
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found in vegs like spinach and rhubarb
may impair mineral absorption |
oxalic acid
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6 functions of minerals
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cofactors
body compound components (i.e. hemoglobin, bone) nerve transmission body growth water balance pH balance |
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mineral highest % in body
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calcium
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table salt
___% Na ___% Cl |
40% Na
60% Cl |
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Does Na participate in nutrient absorption?
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Yes
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__% of sodium added by restaurants and manufacturers
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80%
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__% of sodium naturally in food
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10%
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4 functions of potassium
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fluid balance
nerve transmission muscle contraction insulin action |
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potassium found in
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fruits, vegs, milk, grains, meats, dried beans
(generally not added to food) |
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potassium deficiencies are rare.
What may be a cause? |
diuretics (blood pressure med)
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Tor F
Chloride is a negative ion for the intracellular fluid. |
False
EXTRAcellular |
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4 functions of chloride
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immune response
nerve function transportation of CO2 HCl |
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Found in seaweed, olives, rye, some fruits and vegs
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chloride
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___% of calcium is in bones and teeth
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99%
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calcium makes up ___% of the body's minerals
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40%
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calcium requires a slightly basic or acidic environment for absorption
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acidic
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what 2 hormones aid in absorption of calcium?
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PTH
estrogen |
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__ % of calcium in food normally absorbed
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25%
(increases to 60% during pregnancy and infance) |
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T or F
high fiber intake will decrease calcium absorption |
True
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Achlorhydia will incease or decrease calcium absorption?
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Decrease
also - (aging, menopause, polyphenols "tannins" in tea, excess phosphorus, vit d def, rapid intestinal motility, and high intake of fiber or phytic acid all decrease calcium abs) |
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T or F
High intake of phosphorus will decrease calcium absorption |
True
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found in cale, collard, mustard greens
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calcium
also in tofu (contains goitrogen though) if made with calcium carbonatecanned fish (with bones) |
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Which supplement would be preferred for the elderly, calcium carbonate or calcium citrate?
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Calcium citrate
(calcium carbonate only if you have ample stomach acid) |
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calcium carbonate is __ % calcium
calcium citrate is __ % calcium |
c. carbonate - 40% calcium
c. citrate - 21% calcium |
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what are some risks of taking calcium supplements?
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lead contamination
not FDA regulated |
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calcium AI
adults adolescents |
adults - 1000-1200 mg
adolescents - 1300 mg |
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calciium DV
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1000 mg
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low bone mass throughout life
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osteopenia
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activates ATP, contributes to DNA and RNA synthesis, K and Ca metab, nerve and cardiac function
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Magnesium
also insulin release, dilate arteries |
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magnesium found in
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whole grains, vegs, nuts, seeds
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why does magnesium deficiencies develop slowly?
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it's stored in the body
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possible causes of magnesium deficiency
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diuretics
heavy perspiration long duration vomitting/diarrhea alcoholism |
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symptoms of magnesium deficiency
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rapid heart rate
weakness muscle spasms disorientation seizures |
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UL of magnesium
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350 mg
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2 forms of sulfur
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non ionic
ionic |
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formation of collagen and keratin, part of organic compounds e.g. biotin and thiamin
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non ionic sulfur
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2 functions of ionic sulfur
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acid - base balance
drug detoxifying pathways |
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T or F
Sulfur is used to preserve foods |
True
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