Nutrition Final (Trace Minerals)

Front 1

# of known trace minerals

Back 1

9

Front 2

5 difficulties in studying trace mineral

Back 2

trace mineral contamination
lack of precise tests
subtle symptoms of deficiency
balance studies are expensive
bioavailability contamination

Front 3

food content of trace minerals depends on

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soil content

Front 4

which trace minerals are more easily absorbed, animal or plant?

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animal

Front 5

dietary fiber such as _____ acid can block trace mineral absorption

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phytic acid

Front 6

food enrichment tends to just replace what trace mineral

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iron

Front 7

Heme iron

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animal sources

Front 8

Non-heme iron

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plant and animal

Front 9

4 functions of non-heme iron

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electron transport chain
enzyme cofactor
immune function
drug detoxification pathway

Front 10

How does Vit C enhance iron absorption?

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by chelating with ferrous iron

Front 11

better absorbed?
ferrous iron (+2) or ferric iron (+3)

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ferrous iron (+2)

Front 12

T or F
Iron is actually part of hemoglobin

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True

Front 13

sources of iron

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red meat
enriched grains
fortified cereals
iron skillet

Front 14

T or F
Milk is good source of iron

Back 14

False - poor

Front 15

most common form of anemia

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iron deficiency

Front 16

rbc are microcytic, hypochromic, low levels of hematocrit and hemoglobin

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microcytic hypochromic anemia
(iron deficiency)

Front 17

paleness, brittle nails, fatigue, difficult breathing, poor growth and concentration, learning disability

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iron deficiency

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susceptible:
infants, runners (heel strike hemolysis), vegans, women of childbearing age

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iron deficiency

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zinc found in

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animal products
shell fish
legumes, nuts, whole grains

Front 20

8 functions of zinc

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cofactor to enzymes
syn of nucleic acid
protein and alcohol met
cell mem maintenance
wound healing
immune function
growth
dev of sex organs and bones

Front 21

6 functions of copper

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catalyst for enzymes
role in ceruloplamin and superoxide dismutase
electron trans chain
formation of neurotransmitters (norepin)
immune function

Front 22

copper found in

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organ meats
seafood
cocoa
soy, legumes, seeds, nuts, whole grain

Front 23

most common cause of copper deficiency

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high zinc

Front 24

symptoms of copper deficiency

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normocytic, hypochromic anemia (iron def)
decreased wbc
inflam problems (RA)

Front 25

hemolytic anemia

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Vit E

Front 26

hemmorhagic anemia

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Vit K

Front 27

microcytic anemia
sideroblastic anemia

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Vit B-6

Front 28

megaloblastic anemia

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Folate or Vit B-12

Front 29

microcytic hypochromic anemia

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Iron

Front 30

secondary hypochromic anemia (iron def) but normocytic

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Copper

Front 31

cofactor for glutathione peroxidase

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Selenium

Front 32

formation of thyroid hormones

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Selenium

Front 33

4 functions of selenium

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cofactor of glutathione peroxidase
protects the heart and cells from oxidative damage
works with Vit E
formation of thyroid hormones

Front 34

selenium found in

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*brocolli*
fish, organ meat, eggs, milk, shell fish
whole grain, seeds, nuts, depending on soil

Front 35

super concentrator of Se if in the soil

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brocolli

Front 36

2 primary functions of iodide

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*Thyroid hormone synthesis*
Action of thyroid hormones

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T4 is converted to

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T3 (active form)

Front 38

TSH promotes production of

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T4

Front 39

Iodine symporter is especially found in what tissue

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breast

Front 40

RDA for iodide

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1/2 tsp

Front 41

T or F
Sea salt is a good source of iodide

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False
(lost during processing)

Front 42

inhibit iodide metabolism
(in some raw vegs e.g. turnips, ritabagas, cauliflower, brocolli)

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Goitrogens

Front 43

2 causes of iodide deficiency

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low intake (from soil content)
consuming Goitrogens

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4 consequences of iodide deficiency

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insufficient amnt of T4 (continual release of TSH)
goiter
decreased met rate
cretinism
(harmful during pregnancy)

Front 45

cretinism

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iodine deficiency

Front 46

3 functions of chromium

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glucose uptake into cells
enhances insulin action by boosting insulin receptor activity
glucose tolerance factor

Front 47

Chromium found in

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(little info)
egg yolk
bran, whole grain, cereal
organ meat, meat, BEER
plant source depends on soil

Front 48

symptoms of chromium-deficiency

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impaired glucose tolerance
elevated blood cholesterol and TG
(May occur with age)

Front 49

cofactor for enzymes (pyruvate carboxylase, superoxidase dismutase)

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manganese

Front 50

2 functions of manganese

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cofactor for enzymes (pyruvate carboxylase and superoxidase dismutase)
bone formation

Front 51

manganese found in

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nuts
legumes
tea
whole grains

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T or F
Manganese deficiency symptoms are severe.

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False
no human deficiency symptoms observed

Front 53

high intake will inhibit copper absorption countering copper toxicity

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Molybdenum
note: zinc will inhibit copper also

Front 54

required by several enzymes, in particular xanthine dehydrogenase

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molybdenum

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symptoms of molybdenum deficiency

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inc HR
night blindness
mental confusion
edema, weakness, coma

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2 functions of boron

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met of steroid hormones
bone formation

Front 57

boron found in

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fruits, leafy vegs, nuts

Front 58

UL of boron

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20 mg

Front 59

5 ultratrace minerals

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boron
nickel
silicon
vanadium
arsenic

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function of nickel

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activates enzymes

Front 61

UL of nickel

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1 mg

Front 62

nickel found in

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nuts
beans
grains
chocolate

Front 63

function of silicon

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bone formation in small animals

Front 64

silicon found in

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plant foods
unrefined grains
cereals
root vegs

Front 65

AI and UL of silicon

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none

Front 66

ultratrace mineral that mimics insulin

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vanadium

Front 67

vanadium found in

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shell fish
mushrooms
grain

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UL of vanadium

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1.8 mg

Front 69

poisonous ultratrace mineral

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arsenic

Front 70

T or F
Arsenic is a necessary mineral consumption

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True
(in trace amounts)
for gene expression of stress proteins
No AI or UL

Front 71

from video:
RDA considers ___ mcg of iodine to be toxic

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1000 mcg

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from video:
process of using high amounts of iodine 6.5-12.5 mg for health and up to 50 mg for short term treatment of conditions

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orthoiodsupplementation

Front 73

factors that increase iron absorption

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gastric acid
heme iron in food
high demand for RBCs
low iron storage
meat protein factor (MPF)
Vit C

Front 74

factors that decrease iron absorption

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phytic acid
oxalic acid
polyphenols
full iron storage
excess Zn, Mn, Ca
decreased gastric acid
some antacids

Front 75

which mineral is affected by "mucosal block"

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iron
defense mech to avoid absorbing excess

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iron not ushered into bloodstream binds to ____ in the intestinal cells

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apoferritin
which forms ferritin

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the liver stores iron as ____ and ____

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ferritin and hemosiderin

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_____ and _____ transport iron

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transferrin (in the blood)
hemosiderin

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lifespan of rbc

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120 days

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Hematocrit falls below __% in iron deficiency anemia

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below 34-37%

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Hgb levels fall below ___ in iron deficiency anemia

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below 10-11 g

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UL for iron

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45 mg

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RDA for iron

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men 8%
women 18%