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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What are the 2 nutritional goals of every young women who should get pregnant should include? |
1. Obtaining enough calcium & Vitamin D to develop peak bone density; and to transfer Vitamin D to the infant
2. Obtaining enough DHA in order to transfer this critical fatty acid to the developing fetus and infant |
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In order to obtain the 2 nutritional goals and a few others, what do women need to do? |
IFFF CaDIP
IFFF you Ca Dip you will be fine |
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What does I in IFFF CaDIP stand for? 3 bullets |
Iron - 18 mg/day Most needed supplement (Men only need 8 mg/day) |
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What does the first F in IFFF CaDIP stand for? 2 bullets |
Folic Acid - 400 micrograms per day Most are okay now due to 1998 fortification |
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What does the second F in IFFF CaDIP stand for? 2 bullets |
Fish oil - eat 2x a week need supplement (at least 1 gram per day) |
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What does the third F in IFFF CaDIP stand for? 2 bullets |
Fiber - eat oatmeal every day and other high fiber foods! |
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What does the Ca in IFFF CaDIP stand for? 2 bullets |
Calcium - 1000 - 1200 mg/day - need 4000 mg supplement if you do not drink 2-3 cups a day |
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What does the D in IFFF CaDIP stand for? 2 bullets |
Vitamin D - 600 IU (15 ug)/ day in the winter Recently was increased from 400 IU/day (500 ug= 200 IU) need supplement in winter |
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What does the Iodine in IFFF CaDIP stand for? |
Use iodized or sea salt |
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What does the Potassium in IFFF CaDIP stand for? |
Eat fresh vegetables and avoid pre-prepared processed foods |
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What is the overall strategy in nutrition in pregnancy? |
To be as healthy as possible so that the women can transfer the following tot he fetus and infant:
1. Carbohydrates 2. Amino acids 3. Important Lipids 4. Vitamins 5. Minerals
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What have recent studies emphasized? |
Emphasized the role of DHA and arachidonic acid in the development of a mature human brain
Because of the use of vegetable oils high in polyunsaturated fat, the consensus is that there is enough arachidonic acid in the diet of American women
Therefore, recently we have become concentrated about the low amounts of DHA in the American diet |
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What is an early neurodevelopmental measure? |
Maternal consumption of DHA- containing functional foods benefits infant sleep patterning |
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Folate |
Also very important The food supply has now been supplemented for sometime and experts indicate that the amount of folate in our blood has doubled (consult your doctor) |
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What are the 2 basic nutritional requirements of pregnancy? |
1. Most of the fetal growth takes place during the 3rd trimester
2. Late in pregnancy - mother gives baby energy stores (transfers fat from Mother to fetus)
It's important to supply mother with nutrients early in pregnancy |
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How many more kcals does pregnancy require? |
300 kcal (2 slices of break and 1 glass of milk)
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What does your iron requirement increase to per day during pregnancy and how can you get it? |
27 mg/day & only attainable with an iron supplement
Eat fish or take a fish oil supplement or purified DHA (Consult with your doctor about possibility of increased bleeding with fish oils) |
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What do teens require in teen pregnancy? |
Additional developmental weight gain |
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What are the 2 effects of malnutrition? |
1. Effects on physical performance easy to document
2. Effects on mental performance and later behavior and social roles- difficult to assess |
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What is later success in pregnancy a function of? |
1. Nourishment - nourished baby will respond to mother and environment
2. Stimulation - both ways - mother respond to child and child to mother (no tv for 1st 2 years)
3. Genetics |
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What may under-nutrition during the 1st year of a child's life cause? |
May reduce number of brain cells (thought to be irreversible) |
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What does later under- nutrition do? (in babies) |
Reduces neuron:
Protein/DNA ratio & Lipid/DNA ration - reversible |
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What is required from the start if birth weight is low? |
Good nutrition |
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For low birth weight what is supplemented with protein in some medical centers? |
Human milk |
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Brain development and growth |
0-12 months critical 12 months - 3 years still important
mother nature has provided the perfect food: MILK |
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What is lactogenesis? |
Onset of milk production stimulated by suckling |
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What else does human milk have? (The first few days to 1 week) |
Colostrum - immunoglobulin A (IgA) - antibodies
Immune cells - lymphocytes from mother (from paracellular pathway)
Lactobacillus bifidus factor - promotes growth of lactobacillus bacteria
Also, growth factors are present- gamma interferon and TGF - Beta 0 increase immune functions
All of the above protect infant from infections |
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What else does human milk have? |
Lactalbumin Lactoferrin Lipoprotein Lipase |
Think L |
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What is Lactalbumin? |
Easily digested |
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What is lactoferrin? |
Binds iron - protects against bacteria |
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What is Lipoprotein Lipase |
Helps in hydrolysis of triglycerides in milk |
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What are human milk proteins low in? |
Phenylalanine |
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What does human milk contain? |
High levels of taurine - a special amino acid |
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What percentage of cow's milk protein are caseins: alpha, beta, gamma
Are they as beneficial as human milk proteins? |
80%
No |
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What are 3 ways in which human milk proteins are better than cow's milk proteins? |
1. Human milk proteins are more digestible 2. Have a better essential amino acid balance 3. Provide many important functions compared to cow's milk proteins |
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What 3 other things does human milk have? |
1. Lipids 2. Iron 3. Calcium |
think LIC |
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What are lipids? |
High in arachidonic acid and DHA
1 of the fish oils (although fatty acid composition is one of the few nutrients affected by nutrition) |
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What is iron? |
low, but bound to Lactoferrin and therefore highly available |
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What is calcium? |
lower than cow's milk but it has availability & much higher retention (less urinary loss - mechanism unknown) |
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Compared to formulas, what does breast feeding provide? 3 things PLUS 3 more things |
1. Fewer respiratory and gastrointestinal illnesses 2. Less ear infections 3. Less GI discomfort
PLUS
1. human milk is sterile 2. less expensive 3. promotes bonding between mother and infant |
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How good are formulas? (formula milk) 5 points |
1. Promote faster growth than human milk (now being studied concerning the rise of obesity)
2. Highly regulated - Infant Formula act of 1980 - dictates levels of nutrients but also flexibility for the content of macronutrients
example - soy or cow's milk protein can be used as base
3. Convenient
4. Expensive - biggest danger - diluting to make them last longer
5. Water used to make formula needs to be clean and healthy |
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Why is the Infant formula act of 1980 very important? |
It left out linoleum acid out and left vitamin E out |
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Are there choices for all the macronutrients? |
yes |
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What should you do if a baby has "digestive problems" |
try a different product in consultation with your doctor |
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If baby formula has Lipil what is added? |
DHA |
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1 Softgel has what? |
about the same DHA in 1 gram of fish oil |
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