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122 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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childhood counts as
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age one to adolescence
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how much to children grow per year
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2-3 inches and 5 lbs
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energy intake
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1000-1300 at age 1
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children's diets should consist of mostly
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complex carbs
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can children follow the USDA food pyramid?
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no they have their own 2-6 yr old
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whats the most common nutritional deficiency in american children
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iron deficient anemia
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how does obesity in childhood affect adulthood
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overweight children are more likely to be overweight adults
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in what stage of life do people need the most calories and nutrients?
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pregnancy and lactation, then adolescence
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how many adolescents smoke regularly?
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4 million
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how will the adult population change in the coming years?
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number over 65 will double and 1/4 will be over 65
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how does composition of body change as we age
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decreased bone, more tissue as fat
less ability to taste decreased sense of smell decreased saliva production decrease digestive enzymes |
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how is the food guide pyramid different for older adults?
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emphasize 8+ servings of water a day
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how do energy needs for adults change
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reduced energy needs
same protein needs reduced thirst response |
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how do DRIs change for older adults
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there is a separate bracket, 70+
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what is the water recommendation for older adults?
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30 ml/kg body weight
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what is the nutrition screening initiative?
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a t year project to develop tools to prevent and manage nutrition-related problems before an older person becomes ill
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when should children take on an adult-style diet?
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three years
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what determines the nutrient needs for children and adolescents?
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their growth
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what are some common nutrient deficiencies during mature years?
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vitamin D, B and folate, Ca, Zn, Fe, Mg
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how should nutrition change while you are planning a pregnancy
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increase folic acid to 400 ug a day
avoid high doses of retinol (vitA) eliminate substance abuse |
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what are the stages of pregnancy
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blastogenic (first 2 wks) rapid division
embryonic (wk 3-8) critical period of development and high risk for abnormailities fetal stage (wk 9 to delivery) 500 fold weight increase |
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what are some changes you undergo while pregnant?
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tissue growth
increased blood volume slower GI mobility |
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how does being underweight affect pregnancy?
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risk of preterm delivery and low birth weight infant
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how do the risks of being overweight affect pregnancy?
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increased risk of complications, preterm delivery, and stillbirth
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what are the risks for obese pregnant women?
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high bp
gestational diabetes preclampsia prolonged labor unplanned c section difficulty breast feeding |
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what are the recommendations for weight gain during pregnancy?
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normal bmi: 25-30 lbs
1st trimester: <5 lbs 2nd & 3rd: <1 lb/wk |
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risks of substance abuse during pregnancy include
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miscarriage
premature delivery infant addiction SIDS birth defects |
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what are the nutrition recommendations while pregnant?
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increase calories by 340-540 a day
increase iron and folate by 50% get most added cals from complex CHO |
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how can you avoid GI distress while pregnant?
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morning sickness-eat before getting out of bed
constipation-get plenty of fiber and fluids heartburn- remain upright 1 hr after eating |
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what is the PH goal for breastfeeding?
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exclusive breastfeeding for first 6 months
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why is breast milk idea for infants?
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fat is the main source of energy
the protein is complete but easily digested it contains mother's enzymes, immune factors, hormones |
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that are stages of breast milk
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colostrum (2-3 days)
transitional milk (2-3 wks) mature- duration, higher in protein and antibodies most protein is whey (easy to digest) |
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what are nutrient needs for breastfeeding women?
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additional 500 cals
additional 12-15 gm of protein increase water by 2L per 1 cup milk limit caffeine supplement with vitamin |
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what are the benefits of breastfeeding?
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infant-optimal nutrition, reduced illness, cost
mother- helps recovery |
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what does the ADA support for breastfeeding
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exclusive first 6 mo, good as a supplement for first 12 mo
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why is cows milk a poor choice for an infant?
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low in iron
may cause intestinal bleeding most is casein protein |
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what is the highest period of growth
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birth to 1 yr
-best predictor of child's health in first year of life |
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how do you determine healthy weight for children?
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growth charts
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what is the time that requires most protein in stage of life
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infancy
2X adult |
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what are fluid needs for infants
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1.5 ml/kcal
infants have a higher % body water milk provides 100% fluid needs |
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how do infants get adequate vitamin k?
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a singe dose is given at bith
infants are born with minimal stores |
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what age can infants be introduced to solid foods?
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4-6 mo
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what foods should infants avoid?
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cows milk, egg whites, and wheat during the first year.
first foods to introduce baby rice cereal, then fruit and veg. only one new food per week |
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what are the fat needs for infants?
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55% of cals
(vs 30% in adults) |
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infant formulas are usually based on
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cows milk or soy protein
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what is the extrusion reflex
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a spoon is put in mouth and tongue is put forward
indicates infant isnt ready for spoon feeding |
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how much has diabetes 2 increased since 1970?
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X3
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whats called the silent disease? why?
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osteoporosis has no symptoms
affect 25 mil americans |
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who does malnutrition affect in the us
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working poor, rural poor, homeless, elders, children
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what programs help fight hunger in the us
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WIC, national school program,
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what are the most common malnutrition problems in the developing world?
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kwashiorkor
marasmus vit a deficiency iron and Iodine deficiency |
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hunger
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pain caused by lack of food
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malnutrition
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failure to achieve nutrition requirements
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food insecurity
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limited availability of food
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what groups are at risk for malnutrition
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working poor, isolated, elders, homeless, children
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whats the difference between kwashiorkor and marasmus
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kwashiorkor is a protein malnutrition, marasmus is a protein and energy malnutrition
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what are some common causes of foodbourne illnesses
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staph, clostridium botulinum, salmonelle, e coli
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what is HAACP?
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hazard analysis critical control point
analyzes hazards and tries to intervene at critical points |
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how can consumers keep themselves safe
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clean, seperate, cook, chill
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what are some food preservation techniques that inhibit microorganism growth?
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canning, drying, freezing, fermentation, and pasteurization
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DRI
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dietary reference intakes: recommended intake value for each nutrient
...set for a nutrient NOT food |
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EAI
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estimated average intake: intake level ESTIMATED to meet 50% of individuals
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RDA
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recommended dietary allowance: nutrient intake level that is sufficient to meet 97% of individuals
(RDA is calculated from EAI) |
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AI
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adequate intake: used when EAR and RDA cant be determined. major guestimate.
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UL
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tolerable upper intake level: intake above this limit can be harmful
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5 mandatory components of a food label
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1. statement of identity
2. net contents 3. list of ingredients by descending order or weight 4. information about manufacturer 5. nutrition information |
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DV
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daily value: used for a diet of 2,000 cals
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RDI
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reference daily intakes: value for protein, most minerals on a food label
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DRV
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daily reference values: for CHO, far, sat fat, others on a food label
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food exchange lists
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uses food groups that have a similar nutrient profile. defined portions. used for diabetics, weight management, etc.
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what aids the physical movement of food along the digestive tract
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peristaltic contractions, segmentation
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what aids in the chemical breakdown of food?
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enzymes- speed up processes but arent altered
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name GI organs
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mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum
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what are GI assisting organs
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salivary glands, liver, pancreas, gallbladder
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what does liver do
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makes bile that emulsifies fat
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what does the gallbladder do
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releases bile and stores bile
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what does the pancreas to
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insulin, glucagon, digestive enzymes
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what nutrients go into the blood and which go into the lymphatic system?
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vascular: most water soluble nutrients
lymphatic: fats and fat-soluble nutrients |
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whats the real name for heartburn?
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gastroesophageal reflux disease. improved by smaller meals with less fat
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what is diverticulosis
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small pouches develop along large intestine and may become infected
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what are three monosaccharides?
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glucose (dextrose)- fruit
fructose-fruit sugar, sweetest galactose-rare on own |
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what are three disaccharides?
(=simple sugars) |
sucrose (table sugar)-glu + fru
lactose- glu + gal maltose- glu + glu |
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what are oligosaccharides?
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oligosaccharides
short = 3-30 sugar molecules most common are raffinose + stachyose |
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what are polysaccharides?
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long chains of glucose
in straight chains (amylose) branched chains (amylopectin) + fiber |
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total fiber is made up of
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dietary fiber + functional fiber
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whats the recommended intake for carbs
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45-65 % of cals
~300 gm/2000 kcal |
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two types of fiber
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soluble and
insoluble (moves quicker through GI) |
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Ketone bodies
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precursor to Acetly CoA
result of low carb diets |
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three types of lipids
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triglycerides
sterols phospholipids |
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saturated fats
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solid at room temp
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cholesterol is a precusor for
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vitamin d
bile some sex hormones |
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fat is generally packed as a
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cholomicrocon
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cholesterol types
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VLDL: bad
HDL: good |
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how many amino acids?
essential? nonessential? |
20 aa
11-nonessential 9-essential |
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complete proteins contain
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all 9 essential amino acids
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adults should consume how much peotein
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0.8 gm/kg body weight
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fat soluble vitamins
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ADEK
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vitamin a precursor
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beta-carotenoids in yellow/orange/red foods
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vit a deficiency
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night blindnessact
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active form of vitamin d
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calcitrol
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vitamin e active form
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alpha-tocopherol
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vitamin k is needed for
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clotting
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water soluble vitamins
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b and c
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thiamine deficiency
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deficiency = beriberi
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riboflavin found in
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milk. its light sensitive
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niacin deficiency is
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pellagra. D's disease
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B6 active form is
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pyridoxine
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b12 is found
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only in animal foods and needs intrinsic factor and hcl for absorbtion
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deficiency in b12 is
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megaloblastic anemia
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folate deficiency is associated with
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heart disease and also NTD
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vitamin c is needed for
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collagen synthesis!!!!
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what are minerals
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inorganic elements
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major minerals
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Na, K, Ca, P, Mg, Cl
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trace
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Fe, Zn, I, Fl and others
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whats the major extracellular mineral
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Na
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major intracellular mineral
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K
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DASH diet
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rich in fruits and vegs, lowers blood sugar
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most abundant mineral in the bod
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Ca
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what mineral transports oxygen as a part of hemoglobin
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Iron
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iron sources are
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plant (non heme) and animal (heme)
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mineral needed for formation of thyroid hormone
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iodine
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most essential nutrient
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water
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