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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What results when glucose and glucose are combined?
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Maltose
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What results when glucose and galactose are combined?
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Lactose
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What results when glucose and fructose are combined?
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Sucrose
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What is the storage form of energy in animals?
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Glycogen
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What is the storage form of energy in plants?
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Starch
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What polysaccharide is undigested plant food?
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Fiber
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Are gums, mucilages, pectins, psyllium, and some hemicelluloses soluble or insoluble fibers?
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Soluble fibers
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Are cellulose, legnins, and many hemicelluloses soluble or insoluble fibers?
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Insoluble fibers
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How are glucose and galactose absorbed?
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Active Transport
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How is fructose absorbed?
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Facilitated Diffusion
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What are the three main monosaccharides in the body?
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Glucose, galactose, and fructose
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What elements make up carbohydrates?
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Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
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What monosaccharide is the only monosaccharide we consume naturally?
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Fructose
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Where is glycogen stored?
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Liver and muscles (1/3 and 2/3, respectively)
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What are the three main disaccharides?
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Maltose, lactose, and sucrose
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What are the three main polysaccharides?
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Glycogen, starch, and fiber
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Which starch is a straight chain polymer?
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Amylose
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Which starch is a branched polymer?
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Amylopectin
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What enzyme is available in the mouth to begin starch breakdown?
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Salivary amylase
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What enzymes are available in the small intestine for carbohydrate hydrolysis?
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Maltase, sucrose, lactase, and pancreatic amylase
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What enzyme is produced by the pancreas and secreted into the small intestine for carbohydrate breakdown?
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Pancreatic amylase
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What occurs in the large intestine for carbohydrate digestion?
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Breakdown of viscous fibers; yields water, gas, and fatty acids
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Where is lactose intolerance least prevalent?
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North Europe
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Where is lactose intolerance most prevalent?
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Southeast Asia and North America (natives)
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What does the portal vein do?
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Transports absorbed monosaccharides from small intestine to liver.
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What is the liver's role in carbohydrate metabolism?
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Converts galactose and fructose to glucose; either secretes glucose into bloodstream or stores it as glycogen.
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How many grams of carbs per day must you consume to prevent ketosis?
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50-100
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What is protein-sparing action?
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The role of carbohydrates (and fat) in providing energy that allows protein to be used for purposes other than for breakdown of glucose.
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Which hormone is released by the pancreas in response to high glucose levels?
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Insulin
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Which hormone is released by the pancreas in response to low glucose levels?
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Glucagon
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What is the normal blood glucose level?
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70-110 mg/dL
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What is the condition where the pancreas fails to produce insulin?
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Type 1 Diabetes
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What is the condition where the body's cells fail to respond to insulin?
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Type 2 Diabetes
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What is the RDA for sugars?
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No more than 25% of total daily energy intake (does not include fructose or lactose)
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What is a major health benefit of consuming soluble fibers?
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Lowers blood cholesterol
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What is a major health benefit of consuming starches and fibers?
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Decreases risk of heart disease
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What is a major health benefit of consuming whole grains?
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Antioxidants to prevent cellular damage that causes heart disease
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How does the liver produce bile?
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Through blood cholesterol; *the more soluble fiber consumed, the more cholesterol the liver needs to utilize to create more bile acids for digestion*
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What is the RDA for carbohydrates?
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130 g/day; 45-65% total daily energy intake
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What is the recommended daily value for fiber?
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25 g/day
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What are artificial sweeteners?
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Nonnutritive sweeteners; aspartame, saccharin, stevia...
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What are replacement sweeteners?
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Sugar alcohols; nutritive sweeteners that are absorbed more slowly and metabolized differently in body; low glycemic response; side effects include GI discomfort; end in -itol
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