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187 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
collagen
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a protein that forms strong fibers in bone and connective tissue
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cortical bone
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a dense bone tissue that makes up the outer surface of all bones as well as the the enteriety of most small bones of the body
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spongey bone
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poreous bone tissue that makes up only 20% of the skeleton and is found within the ends of long bones, inside the spinal vertebrae and most bones of skull and pelvis
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bone density
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the degree of compactness of bone tissue reflecting the strength of bone
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remodeling
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two step process by which bone tissue is recycled
- includes breakdown of existing bone and formation of new bone |
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resorption
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the process by which the surface of the bone is broken down by cells called osteoclasts
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osteoclasts
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cells that erode the surface of bones by secreting enzymes and acids that dig groves into the bone matrix
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osteoblasts
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cells that prompt the formation of new bone matrix by laying down the collagen-containing componet of the bone which is then mineralized
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DEXA
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Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry
-currently the most accurate tool for measuring bone density |
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T-score
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numerical score comparing an indivduals bone density to the average peak bone density of a 30 year old healthy adult
-to determine risk of osteoporosis |
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PTH
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parathyroid hormone
-a hormone secreted by the parathyroid gland when calcium levels fall -increases blood cal levels -stimulated by vit D |
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calcitonin
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a hormone secreted by thyroid gland when blood cal levels are too high
-inhibits actions of vit D -prevents reabsorption of calcium |
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calcium tetany
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a condition in which muscles experience twitching and spasms due to inadequate blood calcium levels
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calcium rigior
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failure of muscles to relax which leads to a hardening or stiffening of muscles
-caused by high levels of blood calcium |
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bioavailability
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the degree to which the body can reasorb and use any given nutrient
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hypercalcemia
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a condition characterized by an abnormally high concentration of calcium in the blood
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hypocalcemia
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a condition charcterized by an abnormally low concentration of calcium in the blood
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cholecaliferol
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vit D3 a form of vit D found in animal foods and the form we synthesize from the sun
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calcitriol
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the primary active form of vit D in the body
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ergocalciferol
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vit D2 a form of vit D found exclusively in plant foods
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rickets
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a vit D deficiency disease in children
-symptoms include deformities of skeleton, bowed legs, knocked knees |
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osteomalacia
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a vit D deficiancy disease in adults in which bones become weak and prone to fractures
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phylloquineone
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the form of vit K found in plants
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menaquinone
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form of vit K produced by bacteria in large intestine
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Osteocalcin
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a vit K dependent protein that is secreted by osteoblasts and is associated with bone turnover
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matrix Gla protein
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a vit K-dependent protein located in the protein matrix of bone in cartilage blood vessel walls and soft tissues
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hypermagnesemia
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a condition marked by an abnormally high concentration of magnesium in the blood
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hypomagnesemia
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a condition characterized by an abnormally low concentration of magnesium in the blood
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flurohydroxyapatie
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a mineral compound in human teeth that contains flouride, calcium and phosphorus and is more resisant to destruction by acids and bacteria than hydroxyapatite
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flurosis
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a condition with staining and pitting of teeth caused by abnormally high intake of flouride
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osteoporosis
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a disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue leading to increased bone fragility and fracture risk
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antioxidant
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a compound that has the ability to prevent or repair the damage caused by oxidation
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oxidation
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chemical reaction in which molecules of a substance are broken down into their component atoms involved in lose electrons
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free radical
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a highly unstable atom with an unpaired electron in its outermost shell
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ROS
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reactive oxygen species
-an oxygen molecule that has become a free radical |
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tocotrienols
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a family of vit E that does NOT play an important role in our bodies
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tocopherols
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a family of vit E that is the active form in our bodies
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erythrocyte hemolysis
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the rupture or breakdown of red blood cells (erythrocytes)
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collagen
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a protein found in all connective tissues in the body
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GSH
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glutathione
-a tripeptide composed of glycine cyteine and glutamic acid that assists in regenerating vit C into its antioxidant form |
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prooxidant
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a nutrient that promotes oxidation cell and tissue damage
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provitamin
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an inactive form of a vitamin that the body can covert to an active form
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carotenoids
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fat soluble plant pigments that the body stores in liver and adipose tissues the body is able to covert certain carotenoids to vit A
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retinol
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an active alcohol form of vit A that plays an important role in healthy vision and immune function
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retinal
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an active aldehyde form of vit A that plays an important role in helathy vision and immune function
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retinoic acid
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an active acid form of vit A that plays an important role in cell growth and immune function
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retina
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the delicate light sensitive membrane the inner eyeball and connected to the optic nerve contains retinal
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opsin
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a protein that combines with retinal in the retina to form rhodopsin
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rod cells
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light-sensitive cells found in the retina that contain rhodopsin and react to dim light and interpret black and white images
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bleaching process
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a reaction in which the rod cells in the retina lose their color when rhodopsin is split into retinal and opsin
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night blindness
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a vit A definciency disorder that results in loss of the ability to see in dim light
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cone cells
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light sensitive cells found in the retina that contain the pigment iodopsin and react to the bright light interpret color images
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iodopsin
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color sensitive pigment found in cone cells of the retina
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cell differentiation
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the process by which immature undiffereniated stem cells develop into highly specialized functional cells of discrete organs and tissues
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xerophthakamia
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an irreversible blindness due to hardening of the cornea and drying of the mucuous membranes of the eye
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hyperkeratosis
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a condition resulting in the excess accumulation of the protien keratin in the follicles of the skin; this condition can also impair the ability of the epithelial tissues to produce mucus
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keshan disease
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a heart disorder caused by selenium deficiancy
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selenomethionine
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an amino acid derivative that is the storage form of selenium in the body
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selenocysitine
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an amino-acid derivative that is active form of selenium in the body
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cancer
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a group of diseases characterized by cells that reproduce spontaneously and independently and may invade other tissues and organs
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tumor
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any newly formed mass of immature undifferentiated cells with no physiological function
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fluid
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a substance composed of molecules that move past one another freely fluids are characterized by their ability to conform to the shape of whatever container holds them
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intracellular fluid
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the fluid held at any given time within the walls of the body's cells
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extracellular fluid
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the fluid outside the body's cells either inside the body's tissues or as blood or lymph
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interstital fluid
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the fluid that flows between the cells that make up a particular tissue or organ
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intravascular fluid
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fluid of the bloodstream and lymph
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electrolyte
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a compund that dissociates in solution into positively and neagtively charged ions and is thus capable of conducting an electrical current
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ion
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any electically charged particle either positively or negatively charged
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solvent
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a substance that is capable of mixing with and breaking apart a variety of compunds
-water |
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blood volume
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the amt of fluid in the blood
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ADH
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antidiuretic hormone
- a hormone released from pituitary in response to an increase in blood solute concentration -causes kidneys to reabsorb water |
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diuretic
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a substance that increases fluid loss via urine
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renin
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an enzyme secreted by the kidney in response to decrease in blood pressure
-converts blood protein angiotensinogen to angiotensin I -results in increase of sodium reabsorption |
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angiotensin II
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a ptent vasoconstirictor that constricts the diameter of blood vessels and increases blood pressure
-signals for release of aldosterone |
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aldosterone
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a hormone released from the adrenal glands that signals the kidneys to retain sodium and chloride
-causes water retention |
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osmosis
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movement of water through semipermeable membrane from less concentrated to high concentration
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osmotic pressure
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the pressure that is need to keep the particles in a solution from drawing liquid to ward them across a semipermeable membrane
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thirst mechanism
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a cluster of nerve cells in the hypothalamus that stimulates our conscious desire to drink fluids in response to an increase in the concentration of salt in our blood or a decrease in blood pressure and blood volume
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sensible water loss
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water loss that is noticible such as through urine output or sweating
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insenible water loss
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the unpercieved water loss through evaporation from the skin and exhalation
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hypernatremia
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a condition in which blood sodium levels are dangerously high
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hyponatremia
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a condition in which blood sodium levels are dangerously low
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hyperkalemia
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a condition in which blood potassium levels are dangerously high
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hypokalemia
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a condition in which blood potassium levels are dangeously low
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phytic acid
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form of phosphorous stored in plants
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dehydration
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the depeletion of body fluid which results when fluid excretion exceeds fluid intake
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heat stroke
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a potentially fatal heat illness characterized by hot dry skin rapid heart rate vomiting diarahhea elvated body temp hallucinations and coma
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overhydration
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the dilution of body fluid
-results when water intake or retention is excessive |
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hypertension
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a chronic condition characterized by above average blood pressure readings specially systolic blood pressure over 140 mm or diastolic bp over 90mm
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salt sensitivity
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a condition in which certain people respond to a high salt intake by experiencing an increase in bp
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salt resistant
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a condition in which certain people do not experience changes in bp with changes in salt intake
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DASH diet
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the dietary approaches to stop hypertension
-diet plan emphasizing fruits and vegetables whole grains low/no fat milk and lean meat |
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seizures
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uncontrollable muscle spasms caused by increased nervous system excitability that can result from electrolyte imbalances or a chronic disease
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muscle cramps
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involuntary spasmodic and painful muscle contractions that last for many seconds or even minutes; electrolyte imbalances are often causes
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metabolism
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the sum of all the chemical and physical changes that occur in body tissues
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calorimeter
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a special instrument in which food can be burned and the amount of heat that is released can be meausre this process demonstrates the caloric content of food
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anabolism
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the process of making new molecules from smaller ones
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catabolism
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the breakdown of larger molecules to smaller molecules
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adenosine triphosphate
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ATP
- a high energy compound made up of the purine adenine the simple sugar ribose and 3 phosphate units -it is used by cells as a source of metabolic energy |
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ADP
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adenosine diphosphate
- a metabolic intermediate that results from the removal of one phosphate group from ATP |
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AMP
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a low energy compound that results from the removal of 2 phosphate groups from ATP
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dehydration synthesis
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an anabolic process by which smaller chemical simple compounds are joined and a molecule of water is released
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hydrolysis
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a catabolic process by which a large chemically complex compound is broken apart with the addition of water
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phosphorylation
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the addition of one or more phosphate groups to a chemical compound
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oxidation-reduction reactions
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reactions in which electrons are lost by one compound, (it is oxidized) and simultaneously gained by another compound (reduced)
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FAD
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flavin adenine dinuclotide
- a conezyme derived from the B vitamin riboflavin FAD readily accepts electorns (hydrogen) from various donors |
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cofactor
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a small non-protein substance that enhances or is essential for enzyme action. trace minerals such as iron zinc and copper function as cofactors
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coenzyme
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organic carbon containing component of enzymes many conenzymes are B vitamins
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glucokinase
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an ezyme that adds a phosphate group to a molecule of glucose
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gylcolysis
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a sequence of chemical reaction that converts glucose to pyruvate
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NAD
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a conezyme form of the B vitamin niacin; NAD readily accepts electrons (hydrogen) from various donors
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lactate
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a 3 carbon compound produced from pyruvate in oxygen deprived conditions
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acetyl CoA
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coenzyme A
-derived from the b vitamin pantothenic acid is readily reacts with 2 carbon acetate to form the metabolic intermediate acetyl CoA |
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TCA cycle
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the tricarboxylic acid cycle is repetitive series of eight metabolic reactions; located in cell mitochondria
, that metabolizes acetyl coA for the produduction of carbon dioxide, high energy GTP and reduced coenzyme NADH and FADH2 |
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electron transport chain
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a series of metabolic reactions that transports electrons from NAHD or FADH2 through a series of carriers resulting in ATP production
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lipolysis
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the enzyme driven catabolism of triglycerides into free fatty acids and gylcerol
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hormone sensitive lipase
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the enzyme that breaks down triglyercides stored in adipose tissue
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albumin
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a serum protein made in the liver that transports free fatty acids from one body tissue to another
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B-oxidation
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a series of metabolic reactions that oxidize free fatty acids leading to the end products of water, CO2 and ATP
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Carnitine
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a small organic compound that compound that transport free fatty acids from the cytosol into the mitochondria for oxidation
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ketone bodies
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three and four carbon compounds derived when acetyl coA levels become elevated
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proteolysis
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the breakdown of dietary proteins into single amino acids or small peptides that are absorbed by the body
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carbon skeleton
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the unique side group that remains after deamination
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keto acid
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the chemical structure that remains after deamination of an amino acid
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glucogenic amino acid
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an amino acid that can be converted to glucose via glucogenesis
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ketogenic amino acid
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an amino acid that can be vonverted to acetyl coA for the synthesis of free fatty acid
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ADH (alcohol dehydrogenase)
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an enzyme that converts ethanol to acetaldehyde in the first step of alcohol oxidation
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aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)
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an enzyme that oxidizes acetaldehyde to acetate
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microsomal ethanol oxidizing sytem (MEOS
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a liver enzyme system that oxidizes ethanol to acetaledehyde, its activity predominates at higher levels of alcohol intake
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glucogenesis
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the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors such as glucogenic amino acids and glycerol
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lipogenesis
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the synthesis of free fatty acids from nonlipid precursors such as ketogenic amino acids or ethanol
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de novo sythesis
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the process of synthesizing a compound from scratch
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insulin
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a hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreas in response to increased blood levels of glucose that faciliates uptake of glucose by body cells
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glucagon
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a hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas in response to decreased blood levels of glucose
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epinephrine
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a hormone produced mainly by the adrenal medulla that stimulates the release of glucose
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cortisol
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a hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that increases rates of glucogenesis and lipolysis
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beriberi
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a disease caused by thiamine deficiency characterized by muscle wasting and nerve damage
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ariboflavinosis
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a condition caused by riboflavin deficiency
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pellagera
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a disease that results from severe niacin deficiency
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homocystesitine
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an amino acid that requires adequate levels of folate vit B6 vit b12 for its metabolism
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intrinsic factor
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a protein secreted by cells of the stomach that binds to vit B12 and aids its absortion in the small intestine
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atrophic gastitis
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a condition frequently seen in people over the age of 50, in which stomach-acid secretions are low
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acetylcholine
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a neurotransmitter that is involved in many functions including muscle movement and memory storage
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goiter
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enlargement of the thyroid gland; can be caused by iodine toxicity or deficiency
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cretinism
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a unique form of mental retardation that occurs in infants when the mother experiences iodine deficiency during pregnancy
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hypothyrodisim
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a condition characterized by low blood levels of thyroid hormone
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hyperthyroidism
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a condition characterized by high blood levels of thyroid hormone
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erythrocytes
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RBC they transport oxygen in the blood
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leukocytes
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WBC they protect the body from infection and illness
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platelets
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cell fragments that assist in the formation of blood clots and help stop bleeding
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plasma
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the fluid portion of the blood, its needed to maintain adequate blood volume, so that blood can flow easily throughout the body
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hemoglobin
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the oxygen carrying protein found in RBC. almost 2/3 of all of the irn in the body is found in hemoglobin
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myoglobin
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an iron-containing protein similar to hemoglobin except that it is found in muscle cells
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heme
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the iron-containing molecule found in hemoglobin
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heme iron
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iron that is a part of hemoglobin and myoglobin; it is found only in animal based foods such as meat fish poultry
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non-heme iron
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the form of iron that is not a part of hemoglobin or myoglobin; it is found in animal-based and plant-based foods
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meat factor
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a special factor found in meat fish and poultry that enhances the absorption of non-heme iron
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ferroportin
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an iron transporter that helps regulate intestinal iron absoprtion and the release of iron from the enterocyte into the general ciruclation
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hephaestin
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a copper containing protein that oxidizes once iron is transported across the basolateral membrane by ferroportion
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ceruloplasmin
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a copper containing protein that transports copper in the body it also plays a role in oxidizing ferric to ferrous iron
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transferrin
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a storage form of iron found in promarily in the intestinal mucosa, spleen, bone marrow and liver
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hemosiderin
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a storage form of iron found primarily in the intestinal mucosa spleen, bone marrow and liver
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iron depletion (stage I)
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the first phase characterized by a decrease in blood ferritin levels
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iron defciency erythropoiesis (stage II)
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the second stage of iron deficiency, characterized by a decrease in the transport of iron in the blood
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iron deficiency anemia (Stage III)
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a form of anemia that results from severe iron deficiiency
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mircocytic anemia
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a form of anemia manifested as the productuon of smaller than normal red blood cells containing insufficient hemoglobin (can result from iron deficiency or B6 deficiency)
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metallothionein
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a zinc containing protein witnin the enterocyte, it assists the regulation of zinc homeostasis
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negative folate balance (stage 1)
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the first stage of folate depletion in which in the body has less folate availble to it and serum levels of folate begin to decline
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folate depletion (stage 2)
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the second stage of folate depletion in which both serum and RBC folate levels are low
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folate deficiency erythropoiesis (stage 3)
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the 3rd stage of folate depeletion in which body levels of folate are so low that the ability to make new red blood cells is impaired
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folate deficiency anemia (stage 4)
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a state of severe folate depletion in which there is inadequare folate for a long enough time that the number of RBC has declined
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Nerual tube defects
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NTD's the most common malformation of the CNS that occur during fetal development. a folate deficiency can cause nerual tube defects
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macrocytic anemia
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a form of anemia manifested as the production of larger than normal RBCs containing insufficent hemoglobin; inhibits transport of oxygen
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pernicious anemia
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a form of macrocytic anemia that is primary cause of a vit B12 deficiecy
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autoimune
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a destructive immune response directed toward an indivudals own tissues
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nospecific immune function
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genralized body defense mechanizm that protect against the entry of forgein agents
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specific immune function
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the strongest defense against pathogens. it requires adaptation of WBC's that recognize antigens and that multiply to protect against the pathogens carrying those antigens
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antigens
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parts of a molecule, usually large proteins, form microbes, toxins, or other substances that are recognized by immune cells and activate an immune response
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memory cells
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WBC's that recognize a particular antigen and circulate in the body, ready to respond if the antigen is encountered again
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B cells
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WBCs that can become either antibody producing plasma cells or memory cells
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plasma
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WBC's that have differetiated from activated B cells and produce millions of antibodies to an antigen during an infection
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T cells
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WBC that are several varieties inculding cytoxic T cells and helper T cells
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Cytotoxic T Cells
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activated T cells that kill infected body cells
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helper T cells
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activated T cells that secrete chemicals needed to acitvate other immune cells
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vaccination
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the method of administering a small amt of antigen to elcit an immune response for the purpose of developong memory cells that will protect against the disease at a later time
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antiserum
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human or animal srum that contains antibodies to a particular antigen because of previous exposure to the disease or to a vaccine containing antigen form that infectious agent
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immunocometence
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the body's ability to adwquately produce an effective immunity response to an antigen
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