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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Energy = ? |
The ability to do work |
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What is energy balance? |
Balancing energy intake and energy expenditure Positive = Weight gain Negative = Weight loss |
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Body weight results from... |
Dynamic equilibrium between energy intake and expenditure |
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Kilocalorie is... |
Heat required to raise temperature of 1 kg of water 1 C |
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Kilojoule is... |
Force rquired to move one kg, one meter with force of 1 newton |
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Energy values of food determined by |
Bomb Calorimeter - Literally burns food - Don't account for digestion Physiological food factors - Dietary fiber fermented in colon` |
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Physiological Fuel value of... |
CHO = 4 kcal/g Fat = 9 kcal/g Protein = 4 kcal/g Alcohol = 7 kcal/g |
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Energy in whole foods is determined by... |
Proximate analysis Best estimated in large populations |
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Caloric density is the... |
kcal/g of food |
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Energy Balance explained |
Food goes into energy storage BASAL, TEF, NEAT and Physical activity go out of energy storage |
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Basal Metabolism is... |
Energy required at rest to maintain life - Controlled conditions, measured directly or indirect calorimetry Many factors influence - Body size, composition, gender, age, body temp, sleep, undernutrition, hormones, smoking BMR = 22-24 kcal/kg d, 92-94 kj/kg d |
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Physical Activity is... |
Regular physical activity - 30 minutes of moderate reduces risk of chronic disease - Up to 60 minutes on most days to avoid unhealthy weight gain - 60- 90 to sustain Determined by direct or indirect calorimetry Range - men 1.5-8.4 kcal/kg*hr, women 1.0-8.0 |
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Thermic Effect of food (TEF) is... |
OR DIET IUNDED THERMOGENESIS Heat generated as result of a meal Obligatory thermogenesis = unavoidable losses due to absorption Facultative thermogenesis = Futile heat releasing reactions and activity of nervous system |
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Non-exercise Activity Thermogenesis (NEAT) is... |
Stimulated by cold environment or overeating Results in shivering, fidgeting, muscle tone, posture May be genetic |
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Estimation of Energy USe.... |
Rule of thumb (Women/Men) - Sedentary = 12/14 kcal/lb - Moderate = 15/17 - Active 18/20 Harris Benedict Equation kcal/d = 66.5 + 13.8 (kg weight) + 5(height in cm) - 6.8 (Age in years) |
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Measurements of Energy Expernditure |
- Direct calorimetry + Heat - Indirect calorimetry + Oxygen - Non-calorimetric methods + Fit Bit - Predictive Equations |
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Doubly Labeled Water Test is when.... |
-Water has isotopes 2H and 18O - As energy is expended, CO2 and H2O is produced - 18O is lost in CO2 and water - Difference between rate of loss of 18O and 2H reflects CO2 production can be used to estimate energy expenditure |
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Obesity is typically defined as |
Greater than or equal to 120% of ideal body weight |
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Body MAss index is... |
body weight(kg)/height (m^2) or Body weight (lb) * 703.1/height in^2 Underweight <18.5 Acceptable 18.5-24.9 Overweight 25-29.9 Obese 30-39.9 Severely obese >40 |
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Body Fat Facts |
Range of body weight : 2-70% >24% men or 35% women considered obese Methods for estimating - Underwater weighing - Skinfold thickness - Bioelectric impedance - DEXA |
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Problems with obesity |
Increased risk of chronic disease - Coronary heart diease, cancer, diabetes Psychological - Negative self image - Discrimination Economic - Health care, lost time, weight reducing aids |
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Causes of obesity include |
Genetics - Body type - Lipoprotein lipase - Energy expenditure Behavior - Intake and Output |
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Appetite Definition |
Desire to eat food, felt as hunger |
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Hunger Definition |
Sensations that initiate food seeking behavior |
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Satiation Definition |
Sensations that cause cessation of eating |
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Satiety Definition |
Sensations that prolong satiation |
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Purpose of Appetite |
- Maintain a predetermined body weight (set-point theory) - Match energy intake to energy expenditure - Encourage consumption of food when possible within physical limitations |
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Huger and Satiety come from? |
Central mechanisms in hypothalamus - Several peptides regulate food intake Peripheral signals - Sight/sounds of food - Chewing - Leptin (-) - Cholecystokinin - Ghrelin |
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Weight reduction facts, rule of thumb |
One pound of body fat = 3500 kcal Maintain body weight = 15 kcal/lb Ideal body weight -105 lb +/- 6lb/in over or under (male) - +/- 5lb |
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Approaches to losing weight |
- Metabolic advantage - Increased physical activity - Reduced food intake - Surgery |
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Sound weight loss diet |
- Meets nutritional needs - High satiety value - Provides slow rate of weight loss - Adaptable - Minimizes hunger and fatigue - No magic foods - Costs |
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Recognizing a fad diet |
- Promotes quick weight loss - Limits food choices and dictates rituals - Billed as cure all - Often recommends expensive supplements - No attempts to modify eating` - Skeptics |
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Underweight definition |
- Less than or equal to 15% below desired weight - <18.5 BMI |
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Anorexia Nervosa |
Refusal to maintain normal body weight or failure to gain during growth Fear of gaining Body image disturbance Amenorrhea |
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Bulimia nervosa |
Recurrent episodes of binge eating Recurrent and inappropriate behaviors to avoid weight BINGE AND PURGE |
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Binge Eating Disorder |
Recurrent episodes of binge eating Eating rapidly |
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EDNOS |
All Anorexia criteria but normal weight All bulimia criteria except less frequent |
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Treatment of eating disorders |
- Treatment for nutritional and psychological - Anorexia = Oral food intake - Bulimia = Reduce food intake and purges |
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What is Female Athlete Triad |
Disorder eating Irregular menstruation Low bone density -Reduce preoccupation with food, weight, body fat - Increase meals and snacks to appropriate amount - Achieve weight for height - Decreased training time |
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Prevention of eating disorders |
- Discourage restrictive dieting
- Awareness and acceptance of body appearance - Appropriate expression of emotion - Education concerning good nutrition |
