Nutrition Exam 3

Front 1

Proteins

Back 1

Compounds in your body that consist of numerous amino acids and are found in all living cells.

Front 2

Aminio Acids

Back 2

The building blocks of protein, Amino acids contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. All amino acids are composed of an acid group, an amine group, and a unique side chain.

Front 3

Acid Group

Back 3

The COOH group that is part of every amino acid; also called the carboxyl group.

Front 4

Amine Group

Back 4

The nitrogen containing part of an amino acid.

Front 5

Side Chain

Back 5

The side group of an amino acid that provides it with its unique qualities; also referred to as the R group.

Front 6

Peptide Bonds

Back 6

The bonds that connect amino acids, created when the acid group of one amino acid is joined with the nitrogen-containing amine group of another amino acid.

Front 7

Essential Amino Acids

Back 7

The nine amino acids that the body cannot synthesize; they must be obtained through dietary sources.

Front 8

Nonessential Amino Acids

Back 8

The 11 amino acids that the body can synthesize.

Front 9

Conditionally Essential Amino Acids

Back 9

Nonessential amino acids that become essential if the body cannot make them, such as during bouts of illness.

Front 10

Precusor

Back 10

A substance that is converted to another substance in the body.

Front 11

Denaturation

Back 11

The alteration of a proteins shape, which changes the structure and function of the protein.

Front 12

Amino Acid Pools

Back 12

A limited supply of amino acids stored in your blood and cells and used to build new proteins.

Front 13

Protein Turnover

Back 13

The continual process of degrading and synthesizing protein. When the daily amount of degraded protein is equivalent to the amount that is synthesized, you are in protein balance.

Front 14

Urea

Back 14

A nitrogen-containing waste product that is execreted in urine.

Front 15

DNA

Back 15

The blueprint in cells that stores all generic information. DNA remains in the nucleus of the cell and directs the synthesis of proteins.

Front 16

Gene

Back 16

A DNA segment that codes for a specific protein.

Front 17

RNA

Back 17

A molecule that carries out the orders of DNA.

Front 18

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Back 18

A type of RNA that copies the genetic information encoded in DNA and carries it out of the nucleus of the cell to synthesize the protein.

Front 19

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Back 19

A type of RNA that collects the amino acids within the cell that are needed to make a specific protein.

Front 20

Sickel-cell amemia

Back 20

A blood disorder caused by genetic defect in the development of hemoglobin. Sicke-cell anemia causes the red blood cells to distort into sickle shaped and can damage organs and tissues.

Front 21

Collagen

Back 21

A ropeline, fibrous protein that is the most abundant portein in your body.

Front 22

Cinnective Tissue

Back 22

The most abundant tissue type in the body. Made up primarily of collagen, it supports and cinnects body parts as well as providing protection and insulation.

Front 23

Enzymes

Back 23

Substances that act as catalysts and speed up reactions.

Front 24

Catalyst

Back 24

Substances that aid and speed up reactions without being changed, damaged, or used up in the process.

Front 25

Coenzyme

Back 25

Substances, often vitamins, that are needed by enzymes to perform many chemical reactions in your body.

Front 26

Hormones

Back 26

Protein- or lipid- based chemical messengers that initiate or direct a specific action. Insulin, glucagon, and estrogen are examples of hormones.

Front 27

Fluid Balance

Back 27

The equal distribution of water throughout your body and within and between cells.

Front 28

Edema

Back 28

The accumulation of excess fluid in the spaces surrounding your cells, which causes swelling of the body tissue.

Front 29

Buffers

Back 29

Substances that help maintain the proper pH in a solution by attracting or donating hydrogen ions.

Front 30

Transport Proteins

Back 30

Proteins that carry lipids (fat and cholesterol) , oxygen, waste products, and vitamins through the blood to various organs and tissues. Proteins can also aact as channels through which some substances enter cells.

Front 31

Antibodies

Back 31

Proteins made by your body to bind to and neutralize foreign invaders, such as harmful bacteria, fungi, and viruses, as part of the body's immune response.

Front 32

Immunity

Back 32

The state of having built up antibodies to a particular foreign substance so that when particles of the substance enter the body, they are destroyed by the antibodies.

Front 33

Nitrogen Balance

Back 33

The state in which an individual is consuming the same amount of nitrogen (from protein) in the diet as he or she is excreting in the urine.

Front 34

Protein Quality

Back 34

The measure of a protein's digestibility and how its amino acid pattern compares with your body's needs. Proteins that are more easily digested and have a complete set of amino acids are higher quality.

Front 35

Digestibility

Back 35

A food's capacity to be broken down so that it can be absorbed.

Front 36

Amino Acid Profile

Back 36

The types and amounts of amino acids in a protein.

Front 37

Complete Protein

Back 37

A protein that provides all the essential amino acids that your body needs, along with some nonessential amino acids. Soy protein and protein from animal sources, in general, are complete.

Front 38

Incomplete Protein

Back 38

A protein that is low in one or more of the essential amino acids. Protein from plant sources tend to be incomplete.

Front 39

Limiting Amino Acid

Back 39

The amino acid that is the shortest supply in an incomplete protein.

Front 40

Complemented Proteins

Back 40

Incomplete proteins that are combined with modest amounts of animal or soy proteins or with other plant proteins that are rich in the limiting amino acids to create a complete protein.

Front 41

Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS)

Back 41

A score measured as a percentage that takes into account both digestibility and amino acid profile and gives a good indication of the quality of a protein.

Front 42

Protein-engergy Malnutrition(PEM)

Back 42

A lack of sufficient dietary protein and/or calories.

Front 43

Kwashiorkor

Back 43

A state of PEM where there is a severe deficiency of dietary protein.

Front 44

Marasmus

Back 44

A state of PEM where there is a severe deficiency of calories that perpetrates wasting; also called starvation.

Front 45

Vegetarian

Back 45

A person who doesn'teat meat, fish, or poultry or (sometimes) foods made of these animal sources.