Nutrition Essential Minerals

Front 1

What are 2 important functions of minerals?

Back 1

Facilitators of antioxidant process
Body Mechanics (H2O balance, muscle contraction and Nerve transmission)

Front 2

Inorganic elements in a body only account for about ___% of total body weight or ___lbs for a 150lb person.

Back 2

4% or 6 lbs!

Front 3

What are the 6 components of mineralization in the formation of teeth?

Back 3

1) Calcium
2) Phosphorus
3) Magnesium
4) Sodium
5) Potassium
6) Carbonate Ions

Front 4

Which minerals are required in larger amounts? (7 of them)

Back 4

Ca
Na
Cl
Mg
Phosphorus
Potassium & Sulfur

Front 5

Collagen and bone undergo constant ____________.

Back 5

remodeling

Front 6

What 5 items are required for the formation of collagen?

Back 6

1) Protein
2) Vit C
3) Iron
4) Copper
5) Zinc

Front 7

The ____________ structure of enamel is one of the most insoluble & resistant proteins known.

Back 7

Crystalline

*Remember Teeth are harder than bone-->hardest substance in the body.*

Front 8

What is the most abundant mineral in the body?

Back 8

Calcium
99% of body calcium is in bones & teeth!

Front 9

What are 5 important functions of Calcium in the body?

Back 9

1) Bone Health-->mineralizatin of calcified structures 2) Blood Clotting
3)Transmit nerve impulses
4) Muscle contraction & relaxation
5) Salivary calciums acts as a buffer.

Front 10

Since less than 1/3 of consumed calcium is absorbed what is the best way to get what the body needs?

Back 10

Consume smaller amounts but several times through-out the day

Front 11

What are 4 factors that decrease Calcium absorption?

Back 11

1) Age
2) Excessive Fiber
3) Reduced gastric acidity
4) Low protein/low phosphorus diets.

Front 12

What are 2 conditions associated with a calcium deficiency?

Back 12

Rickets & Osteoporosis

**Technically Osteoporosis is a disease of adolescence since 90% of peak bone bass is attained by age 16.9+/- & 99% by age 26.2 +/-.**

Front 13

We know that calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body, what is the 2nd?

Back 13

Phosphorus
85% is in bones & teeth.

Front 14

Phosphorus is important in every aspect of metabolism. Why?

Back 14

Allows for the metabolism of Fats/Proteins/Carbs…which produce energy

*Remember its essential for the formation of teeth & bones.*

Front 15

Since Phosphorus is abundant in many foods like Dairy Meat & Legumes what is the big deal if you get too much?

Back 15

There is a reduction in Calcium levels.

Front 16

A deficiency of Phosphorus can lead to the incomplete calcification of _________.

Back 16

Teeth

*A deficiency can also occur with the long term use of antacids.*

Front 17

Why is a deficiency of Phosphorus rare?

Back 17

Because so many foods contain it.

Front 18

What is the 3rd most abundant mineral?

Back 18

Magnesium!

Front 19

What are the top 3 most abundant minerals in the body in order?

Back 19

1) Calcium 2) Phosphorus 3) Magnesium

Front 20

What are some great food sources of Magnesium?

Back 20

Bananas
Whole Grains,
Nuts,
Meat & Chocolate

*Magnesium is good for restless leg syndrome.*

Front 21

What are 4 functions of Magnesium?

Back 21

1) Mineralization of calcified structures
2) Important in the function of calcium homeostasis & preventing skeletal abnormalities
3) A vital nutrient for muscles & nerves
4) Important in energy (ATP) production.

Front 22

Are there any harmful effets of overconsumption of Mg from food sources?

Back 22

No!

*Since kidney's regulate plasma Mg levels, any toxcity from Mg would be associated with Kidney Failure.*

Front 23

What disease state might a Mg deficiency result from?

Back 23

GI disorder/surgery
diarrhea

Front 24

What are some symptoms of a Mg deficiency?

Back 24

Personality/mood changes
Muscle spasm
Convulsions

Front 25

What are 4 oral effects of a lack of Mg?

Back 25

Change in Ameloblast & odontoblasts effect hyperplasia of enamel
Inhibit Alveolar bone formation
Widening of the PDL
Gingival hyperplasia

Front 26

If someone has HBP what essential mineral might they be in need of?

Back 26

Magnesium!

*Evidence suggest that Mg may play an important role in regulating BP.*

Front 27

What are 5 key nutrients used in the formation of collagen?

Back 27

Vit C
Copper
Protein
Iron
Zinc

Front 28

Copper is widely distributed in food. What are some sources of copper?

Back 28

Shell Fish (oysters & crab)
Liver
Nuts
Cocoa

*Cooking in "old" copper pots. The new ones are lined so you don't get as much.*

Front 29

What is the function of copper in the body?

Back 29

Formation of RBC's & Connective tissue
Catalyst in the formation of collagen

Front 30

Selenium functions as a co-factor for antioxidant enzymes that protects lipds, proteins & nucleic acids from oxidative damage.
What in the body is selenium especially important in the formation of?

Back 30

Tooth enamel & dentin (during amelogenesis)

*Large amounts may be detrimental to mineralization.*

Front 31

What are some significant sources of Selenium?

Back 31

Animal Products especially Seafood, Dairy, Eggs along w/Whole grains & Nuts.

*Brazil Nuts are super high!*

Front 32

This essential mineral is important in potentiating the action of insulin.

Back 32

Chromium!
It balances sugar levels

Front 33

What disease might Chromium be especially important for?

Back 33

Pre Diabetes or Diabetes!

Front 34

Manganese is involved in ___________ reactions

Back 34

Enzyme reactions

Its found in whole-grain cereals, legumes, nuts, tea & leafy vegetables.

Front 35

Vitamin C is extremely important in the absorption of this essential mineral.

Back 35

Iron

Front 36

Iron is a component of ______________.

Back 36

Hemoglobin

*Also important in the synthesis of Collagen*

Front 37

What is the most difficult mineral to obtain via the diet?

Back 37

Iron

Front 38

What are some sources of Iron?

Back 38

Dark green leafy veggies
Liver (best source)
Beef
Egg Yolks
*There are 2 forms: Heme & Non-Heme sources-->meat/non-meat. Most cereals are fortified w/Iron.*

Front 39

If one is deficient in Iron what does it result in?

Back 39

Anemia

Front 40

Deficiency in Iron has similar symptoms to a B vitamin deficiency. What are some symptoms?

Back 40

Fatigue, Faulty digestion, Tachycardia ,
Pale Conjunctivae

*Most prominent oral signs are Angular Chelitis, filiform papillae atrophy, Glossitis Burning of the tongue.*

Front 41

Iodine is important in the production of what hormone? What are sources of Iodine?

Back 41

Thyroxine

Sources: Seafood/plants grown near the ocean (sea salt) Iodized salt

Front 42

What is a physical symptom of an iodine deficiency?

Back 42

Goiter-->enlargement of the thyroid gland.

*Its pretty rare in the US due to salt being put into most foods.*

Front 43

Zinc is a component of more than ______ enzymes.

Back 43

200

Front 44

In addition to Night vision what does Zinc help with in the body? (4 things)

Back 44

Immune Defenses (ie Zinc drops)
Taste
Smell
Appetite

Front 45

What does a deficiency of Zinc result in?

Back 45

Impaired wound healing (get sick more often)
Loss of taste & smell acuity
Poor Appetite

Front 46

In addition to water balance what else do electrolyntes balance?
What are the primary 3 electrolyntes we're concerned with?

Back 46

Acid/Base pH balance

Sodium, Potassium & Chloride

Front 47

1 tsp of Salt = how many mg's of sodium?

Back 47

2000 mg.

*Table salt is 40% sodium 60% chloride.

Front 48

What is the daily requirement of sodium?
*Know This!*

Back 48

1500mg/day with an upper limit of 2300 mg's/day for adults

Front 49

What are some hidden sources of Sodium?
Just list a few.

Back 49

Bottled Water
Baking Powder/Soda
Dentifrices
Antibiotics
Chewing Tobacco

Front 50

If you have too little sodium in your body what is the condition called?

Back 50

Hyponatremia

*Can have water intoxication if sodium levels are too low…can actually drown and not be in water.*

*Early symptoms include nausea, abcominal cramps, Headache, confusion, lethargy & coma*

Front 51

What essential mineral is sodium's partner?

Back 51

Chloride

*Its an anion that works with sodium to maintain extracellular balance.*
*Sources are Salt & Water.*

Front 52

Why is potassium so important inside of the cells?

Back 52

It maintains Intra Cellular Fluid (ICF) concentrations

Front 53

Physically what is potassium important for? (3 items)

Back 53

Muscle Contractions
Transmission of nerve impulses
Regulation of acid-base balance.

Front 54

What is an excess or deficiency of Vit K called?

Back 54

Excess: Hyperkalemia-->may result in cardiac arrest

Deficiency: Hypokalemia-->cardia arrest Muscle cramps

*Deficiencey may be caused by excessive sweating, vomiting & diarrhea or taking diuretics.*

Front 55

What is an excellent source of Potassium?

Back 55

Bananas!

Front 56

What are 2 ultra trace element contaminants?

Back 56

Mercury & Lead

*Read over slide in notes as 2 test questions will come from it.*