Nutrition: Digestion-Fat

Front 1

List the 5 functions of digestion

Back 1

Ingestion, Grinding, Digestion, Absorption, and Elimination.

Front 2

The layers of the digestive tract from inside to outside is are what?

Back 2

Mucosa, Sub-mucosa, Muscle, and Serosal

Front 3

What are the 5 types of teeth?

Back 3

Incisors, Canine, Premolars, Molars, Brachydont, and Hyosodont

Front 4

Dental Formulas for Canine puppy and adult.

Back 4

Puppy: i3/3 c1/1 p3/3
Adult: I3/3 C1/1 P4/4 M2/3

Front 5

Dental Formulas for Feline kitten and adult.

Back 5

Kitten: i3/3 c1/1 p3/2
Adult: I3/3 C1/1 P3/2 M1/1

Front 6

Dental Formula for Equine, Porcine, and Bovine

Back 6

Equine: I3/3 C1/1 P3-4/3 M3/3
Porcine: I3/3 C1/1 P4/4 M3/3
Bovine: I0/3 C0/1 P3/3 M3/3

Front 7

Name the type of taste sensors

Back 7

Filiform, Fungiform, Foliate, Circumvallate

Front 8

Which species are tonsils most important in?

Back 8

Man and Dog

Front 9

Name the 3 types of tonsils.

Back 9

Palatine - Man and Dog
Lingual - Horse, Cow, and Pig
Pharyngeal - Enlargement of these is called adenoids

Front 10

Parts of the Ruminant Stomach:

Back 10

Rumen, Reticulum, Omasum, Abomasum

Front 11

Most cranial compartment, lies closest to the heart, known as the honeycomb. Traumatic reticular pericarditis or “hardware disease”

Back 11

Reticulum

Front 12

Large muscular portion that extend from the diaphragm to the pelvis. Fermenting vat for feed. Explain cudding and bloat. (Rumental tympany)

Back 12

Rumen

Front 13

Located to the right of the rumen and just caudal to the liver. Serves to grind roughage before it enters the abomasums. Also called the “book” stomach.

Back 13

Omasum

Front 14

True stomach, where digestion actually begins, located ventral to the omasum and caudally on the right side of the rumen.

Back 14

Abomasum

Front 15

Crypts of Lieberkuhn

Back 15

Located between the vili. Secrete mucus and in the small intestine, secrete the enzyme enterokinase, which activates the pancreatic secretion of

Front 16

trypsinogen and a small amount of the enzyme amylase which assists in starch breakdown. Trypsin digestion test.

Back 16

x

Front 17

The salivary glands consists of 3 pairs of glands:

Back 17

Parotid, Mandibular, Submandibular

Front 18

What are the 2 functions of the pancreas?

Back 18

It has both endocrine (secreting internally) and exocrine (secreting externally) functions

Front 19

Functions of the Liver

Back 19

Storage and filtration of blood, secretion of bile, detoxification of noxious substances,

Front 20

What are the 3 hormones of the pancreas and what are their functions?

Back 20

The alpha cells secrete glucagons, which elevates blood sugar. The beta cells secrete insulin, which affects the metabolism of carbohydrates, protein, and fats.

Front 21

The delta cells secretes somatostatin, whose function is not fully known, but is thought to inhibit the secretion of glucagons and insulin and may control metabolic processes.

Back 21

x

Front 22

What is the most important nutrient that exists?

Back 22

Water

Front 23

Water constitutes up to _____% of the weight of a newborn puppy and _______% of the weight of an adult.

Back 23

84%
50-60%

Front 24

_____% Skin turgidity is lost
____% Eyes are Sunken
_____% Death

Back 24

4-5%
7%
10% and above

Front 25

PCV stands for what?
A higher than normal % is what? a lower than normal %?

Back 25

Pack Cell Volume
Higher - Dehydration
Lower - Anemia

Front 26

What are some other ways hydration can be assessed?

Back 26

Moisture of mucous membranes
Heart Rate
Peripheral pulse (shock- light pulse)

Front 27

What are 3 methods to replace fluid in a animal?

Back 27

Intravenous - Fastest
Subqutaneous
Per Os - Slowest

Front 28

What formulas do you use to determine how much to replace?

Back 28

BW (lbs) x % dehydration (decimal) x 500 = Deficit in ML
BW (kgs) x % dehydration (decimal) = Deficit in L

Front 29

What are the rates for other fluid administration:
Anesthesia? Rapid Rehydration? Shock?

Back 29

Anesthesia - 5ml/#/hr
Rapid- 20ml/# for the first hr then reduce to maint. rate
Shock - Dogs - 40ml/#/hr Cats - 25ml/#/hr

Front 30

What are the functions of Water?

Back 30

Regulate body temp, Maintain electrolyte concentrations, medium for chemical reactions, lubricate body tissues.

Front 31

What is the number 1 solvent on earth?

Back 31

Water

Front 32

What is the consumption of water in pet food?
Dry, Semi-moist, and Canned

Back 32

Dry: 6-10%
Semi-moist: 23-40%
Canned: 68-78%

Front 33

An animal eating dry food will consume about _______ parts of water to one part dry food.

Back 33

2 1/4

Front 34

Drinking is controlled by the ________ which lies just caudal to the brain. The _______ serves as the bodies thermoregulator.

Back 34

Hypothalmus

Front 35

Why may a dog still exhibit a need for water if they are on IV fluids?

Back 35

Release of the antidiurectic hormone, will cause the animal to be thirsty and will also cause the kidneys to reabsorb water to preserve it in the bodies system.

Front 36

Heat stroke: 104F -106F is what? Over 106F is what?

Back 36

104-106 - Mild
106+ - Moderate to Extreme

Front 37

How do you cool the body?

Back 37

In a tub of cool water (not ice), once temp is normal start IV fluids to restore dehydration.

Front 38

What are some ways heat stroke can occur?

Back 38

Car, Shadless yard, Back of a truck in summer, and Extensive exercise in the summer.

Front 39

Name some ways water is lost throughout the body.

Back 39

Urine (#1), Loss from skin, Respiration, Feces, Saliva, Milk

Front 40

What are the 2 types of calories?

Back 40

Large - Amount of heat to needed to raise the temp. of 1kg of water 1*C.
Small - Amount of heat needed to raise the temp of 1gm of water 1*C.

Front 41

Calories provide:

Back 41

Utilization of all other nutrients and heat to maintain body temp.

Front 42

What is the prime regulator of food consumption?

Back 42

Dietary Energy

Front 43

Protein ___ cal/gm
Carbohydrate ___ cal/gm
Fat ___ cal/gm

Back 43

4
4
9

Front 44

How is the gross energy determined?

Back 44

Completely burning the food to its oxidation products using bomb calorimeter.

Front 45

How is the digestible energy determined?

Back 45

Animal feeding trial

Front 46

How is the metabolizable energy determined?

Back 46

Animal feeding trial

Front 47

How is the net energy determined?

Back 47

Measuring body heat losses and subtracting it from the M.E. value

Front 48

How much digestible energy does each size need?
Small breeds <20#
Medium/Large 20-75#
Giant >75#

Back 48

50
35
30

Front 49

How many cal per pound of body weight do cats require?

Back 49

50

Front 50

Proteins are groups of _________ joined by peptide linkage.

Back 50

Amino Acids

Front 51

What are non-essential proteins?

Back 51

Those that the body does make enough of. Do not need to be supplied in the diet.

Front 52

What are essential proteins?

Back 52

Those that cannot be formed within the body rapidly enough to meet the bodies requirements.

Front 53

What are the essential proteins?

Back 53

Arginine, Leucine, Phenylalanine, Valine, Histadine, Lysine, Tryptophan, Isoleucine, Methionine, Threonine, Taurine.

Front 54

Which is only for cats? Where do feral cats get this from?

Back 54

Taurine
Animal related food

Front 55

A lack of taurine in cats will cause what?

Back 55

Decrease in Eye and Cardiac health.

Front 56

50% of an animals body is water the other 50% is mass of that mass what % is protein?

Back 56

60%

Front 57

What are some foods that are high in protein?

Back 57

Eggs, Meat, Beans, and Chicken

Front 58

Crude protein refers to the ________ in a food source.

Back 58

Nitrogen

Front 59

Crude Protein =

Back 59

% Nitrogen x 6.25

Front 60

What is biological value?

Back 60

The estimate of protein quality, it reflects the # and amount of essential amino acids the food contains.

Front 61

What is the biological value for the following foods?
Egg, Milk, Liver, Wheat, Corn.

Back 61

Egg=100% Milk=92% Liver=79% Wheat=48%

Corn=45%

Front 62

What does AAFCO stand for?

Back 62

Associations of American Feed Control Officials

Front 63

Higher biological value the _____ you have to eat

Back 63

Less

Front 64

Higher protein promotes what?

Back 64

Muscle Growth

Front 65

Higher protein provides amino acids during periods of what? Give Examples

Back 65

Stress; Disease, Wound healing, surgery, and lactation.

Front 66

Protein digestion starts in the what? But actual absorption occurs where?

Back 66

Stomach
Small Intestine

Front 67

What is the digestibility of most commercial pet foods?

Back 67

70-85%
Higher=less output (feces)

Front 68

Protein - Amino Acid - ___________ - ____________.

Back 68

Ammonia (NH4) - Urea (Waste)

Front 69

Any excess of amino acids are excreted because _____________. This excretion ultimately occurs through the ___________.

Back 69

They cant be stored.
Kidneys

Front 70

Is excessive protein harmful to the animal?

Back 70

Yes and no, because if the protein intake is higher, then ultimately the kidneys will have to work harder to excrete the urea.

Front 71

What life stage could excessive protein be harmful to?

Back 71

Geriatric

Front 72

How do we test for kidney evaluation?

Back 72

BUN - Blood Urea Nitrogen Test

Front 73

What are the 2 different ways to do this test?

Back 73

Dip Stick - Azostix
Blood Chemistry Analyzer - Vet Test 8008

Front 74

What are the normal values for these?

Back 74

Avg. BUN = 15-20 mg/dl for most species

Front 75

What might cause the BUN to rise?

Back 75

Excessive dietary protein
Renal Dysfunction - Heart worms and Congestive Heart Failure.

Front 76

What might cause the BUN to go down?

Back 76

Protein Deficiency - Starvation
Liver Dysfunction

Front 77

What are the 2 sphincters associated with the stomach?

Back 77

Pyloric & cardiac

Front 78

What is the condition in horses associated with large intestine?

Back 78

Collic

Front 79

What is the function of the Chief & Parietal cells?

Back 79

Parietal cells produce hydrochloric acid, and chief cells produce pepsinogen and rinnin.

Front 80

Trypsin Digestion test is testing for what?

Back 80

To see if protein is being processed (release of trypsinogen)

Front 81

Explain the Triadan Tooth System.

Back 81

The mouth is broken down into 4 quadrants and each tooth is given a number. Ex: The most medial tooth in quad. 1 is 101, next is 102 going laterally.

Front 82

Which organ can you not see well on dog x-ray?

Back 82

Kidney

Front 83

Explain why the large intestine is significant in horses?

Back 83

Because they do not have a ruminate stomach but they eat the same thing so it has to work harder to digest it.

Front 84

1. Islets of Langerhans A. Ileum
2. Amylase B. Alph, Beta, Delta Cells
3. Small intestines C. Mucus
4. Brunners gland D. Breaks Down Starch

Back 84

1. = B
2. = D
3. = A
4. = C

Front 85

1. Lipase A. Portal Vein
2. Peyers Patches B. Breaks down protein
3 .Liver C. Ileum
4. Trypsinogen D. Breaks down fats

Back 85

1. = D
2. = C
3. = A
4. = B

Front 86

Carbohydrates

Back 86

-main purpose=provide energy
-can be stored in the body (1 way to provide energy overtime)

Front 87

Classification of Carbohydrates

Back 87

-simple sugars
-complex sugars
-trisaccharides
-polysaccharides

Front 88

Simple Sugars

Back 88

-sugars that are easily broken down to be absorbed by the body.
-Monosaccharides.
ex:glucose, fructose

Front 89

Complex Sugars

Back 89

-formed by the combo of two molecules of monosacaccharides.
-Disaccharides
ex: sucrose, maltose, lactose

Front 90

Trisaccharides

Back 90

-consist of one molecule each of glucose, galactose, & fructose.
-Raffinose

Front 91

Polysaccharides

Back 91

-made up of numerous molecules of simple sugars
ex: Dextrin, starch, cellulose, glycogen

Front 92

Some digestion of ______occurs in the _______ by the enzyme _____ _____. The primary site of digestion occurs in the _____.

Back 92

-carbohydrates
-mouth
-salivary amylase
-Intestines

Front 93

During digestion, what's broken down to monosaccharides (before it can be stored)?

Back 93

-starch, glycogen, & disaccharides

Front 94

Most of the carbohydrates in pet rations are absorbed as _____?

Back 94

Glucose

Front 95

Absorbed galactose and fructose are converted to ___?

Back 95

Glucose

Front 96

Entry of blood glucose into most body cells is dependent upon ______________?

Back 96

-insulin from the pancreas

Front 97

Which is not insulin dependent?

Back 97

-entry of glucose into red blood cells, cell of the liver, & central nervous system.

Front 98

Normal values for blood glucose?

Back 98

80-120 mg/dl

Front 99

Hypoglycemia (definition)

Back 99

decrease in blood glucose

Front 100

Hypoglycemia (causes)

Back 100

-pancreatic dysfunction may cause excessive insulin production, which decreases blood glucose.

Front 101

Heavy worked animals may ____?

Back 101

-utilize all of the available blood glucose

Front 102

Some small breeds metabolize____?

Back 102

-quickly & need constant replenishment of energy

Front 103

Hyperglycemia (definition)

Back 103

-increase in blood glucose

Front 104

Hyperglycemia (causes)

Back 104

-diabetes mellitus-defienciency in insulin production

Front 105

Glucosuria?

Back 105

-glucose in the urine

Front 106

Ketonemia?

Back 106

-Ketones in the blood

Front 107

Most commonly seen in? (hyperglycemia)

Back 107

-middle aged, obese, female dogs
-it may be somewhat hereditary

Front 108

Most common breeds? (hyperglycemia)

Back 108

-schnauzer, cockers, poodles

Front 109

Fasting blood glucose test:
fast for how long?
Average?

Back 109

12 hrs
80-120

Front 110

What may be given to the owner due to diabetes in a patient or hyperglycemia?

Back 110

-insulin injections; make sure they know how to give them.

Front 111

Fiber?

Back 111

Carbohydrates whose bonds are resistant to the action of gastrointestinal enzymes

Front 112

Main fiber carbohydrates are?

Back 112

-cellulose
-pectin
-lignin

Front 113

Cellulose

Back 113

-forms the skeleton of most plant structures, can be digested by ruminants, is indigestable by simple stomached animals.
-is converted to fatty acids to be used as energy in ruminants

Front 114

Hemicellulose

Back 114

-second most abundant compound found in plants
-most dense

Front 115

Pectin

Back 115

-sugar polymer which may have effect on controlling frothy bloat

Front 116

Lignin

Back 116

-an almost indigestable polysaccharide found in wood, hulls, & straw

Front 117

The source of fiber in most pet foods is ________ & _________?

Back 117

-cereal grains
-by-products

Front 118

When bacteria break down ______, fermentation occurs which produces ___ & ___?

Back 118

-fiber
-heat
-gas

Front 119

Which carbohydrates can be partially digested & utilized by the non-ruminant & extensively digested in the ruminant?

Back 119

-Cell Wall Carbohydrates
(cellulose & hemicellulose)

Front 120

Some effects of Fiber intake?

Back 120

-prevention of constipation
-bulking agent to promote colonic peristalsis
-water absorbing properties
-increased fiber may reduce caloric intake while feeling full

Front 121

Lack of fiber in humans can cause these diseases?

Back 121

-varicose veins -polyps
-hemorrhoids -coronary artery disease
-diverticulitis
-colonic cancer

Front 122

Fiber helps to reduce the absorbtion of?

Back 122

-carcinoges
-steroids
-other toxic material

Front 123

What does fiber do to make sure there is less time for absorbtion?

Back 123

-speeds up the intestinal transit: by absorbing the toxin into the fecal more or diluting it by absorbing water.

Front 124

You have a 50# dog that is 5% dehydrated. What is the fluid replacement in ml that would be required?

Back 124

50x.05x500 = 1250 ml

Front 125

You have a 70# dog that is 7% dehydrated. What is the fluid replacement in ml that would be required?

Back 125

70x.07x500 = 2450 ml

Front 126

Define protein

Back 126

Energy producing nutrient. groups of amino acids joined by peptide linkage.

Front 127

What 3 sources do pets total water com from?

Back 127

Per Os
Food
Metabolized Water

Front 128

Explain gluconeogenesis

Back 128

Liver cells use fat or proteins to synthesize new glucose for the blood.

Front 129

When does this occur?

Back 129

When blood glucose levels are low (below 60)
When insufficient glucose is entering the cells and glycogen stores are depleted.

Front 130

Fats are complex molecules that are broken down by the ________ system into smaller molecules known as what?

Back 130

Digestive - Fatty Acids

Front 131

These fatty acids can be used as a source of what?

Back 131

Fuel for energy, hormone production, skin and coat oils, membranes, and as body cell parts.

Front 132

What are the 4 main fat functions?

Back 132

Supply Energy
Palatability
Essential fatty acids
Carry fat soluble vitamins

Front 133

What are the 3 essential fatty acids?

Back 133

Linoleic Acid
Linolenic Acid
Arachidonic Acid

Front 134

Whats the most potent source of the essential fatty acids for dogs?

Back 134

Vegetable oil

Front 135

Cats have a dietary requirement for __________ which is of animal origin.

Back 135

Arachidonic

Front 136

Name the 6 sources of fat.

Back 136

Lard, Horse fat, Poultry fat, Cottonseed oil, vegetable oil, and fish oil.

Front 137

Fats are concentrated forms of energy ___ cal/gm

Back 137

9

Front 138

Fats are converted to glycerol and fatty acids in the __________.

Back 138

Small Intestine

Front 139

Bile salts break down _______ to a water miscible form and ___________ splits the fat into glycerol and fatty acids.

Back 139

Fats
pancreatic lipase

Front 140

Digestion and absorption is complete within _______ hours.

Back 140

2

Front 141

The higher fat absorption produces the following results in the blood.

Back 141

Slowed circulation
Shortened Clotting time
Decrease in sedimentation rate

Front 142

The increase lipase production by the pancreas can lead to another condition...

Back 142

Pancreatitis

Front 143

If the digestive enzymes become activated within the pancreas and are not released they will begin to what?

Back 143

Digesting the pancreas itself

Front 144

Pancreatitis is classified as __________ or __________.

Back 144

Acute or Chronic

Front 145

What are some of the symptoms?

Back 145

Abdominal pain
Vomiting
Elevated Pancreatic Enzymes
Diarrhea

Front 146

What are some of the causes?

Back 146

Hyperlipemia
Obesity
Infectious Disease
Trauma

Front 147

What is the treatment?

Back 147

NPO
IV fluids
Anti-inflammatory drugs

Front 148

Dietary management

Back 148

Diet low in fat and no table food.