Nutrition Chapter 7 -- Fluid & Electrolyte Balance

Front 1

What has freely moving molecules?

Back 1

Fluid

Front 2

What are the two types of liquids in the human body?

Back 2

Intracellular fluid: Two-thirds of the body fluid

Extracellular Fluid: One-Third of body fluid.

Front 3

The majority of body fluid is where?

Back 3

Inside the cells.

Front 4

Extracellular fluids are found where?

Back 4

• Between cells within tissues and organs of the body. Tissue Fluid.

• Fluid portion of the blood that carries the blood cells. Plasma.
  

Front 5

Does lean or fat body tissue have more fluid?

Back 5

Lean body tissue.

Front 6

Do males ore females have more lean tissue?

Back 6

Men.

Front 7

Lean body tissue is naturally lost with _______?

Back 7

Age.

Front 8

What are the predominant electrolytes?

Back 8

K+ & HPO4 2-

Front 9

Extracellular fluid ______ & _____ predominate

Back 9

Na+ & Cl-

Front 10

There is a slight _____ _____ difference on either side of the cell membrane.

Back 10

electrical charge

Front 11

The major positive ion outside the cell is what?

Back 11

Sodium

Front 12

The major positive ion inside the cell is what?

Back 12

Potasium (K+)

Front 13

What do fluids do?

Back 13

Transport & dissolve substances.

Front 14

Water is the ___________ solvent.

Back 14

Universal

Front 15

The dissolved materials, or solutes, include what?

Back 15

• Ions
  
• Carbohydrates
  
• Amino Acids
  
• Vitamins
  
• Minerals
  

Front 16

Water does not dissolve what?

Back 16

Fat.

Front 17

What is blood volume?

Back 17

The amount of fluid in the blood.

Front 18

What is Hypertension?

Back 18

Increase blood pressure, via blood volume increase.

Front 19

What is Hypo-tension?

Back 19

Low blood pressure, via blood volume decrease.

Front 20

Water helps you maintain your body _________ ?

Back 20

Temperature

Front 21

Water has a high _________ capacity, the temperature of our body fluids remain quite ________.

Back 21

• Heat
  
• Stable
  

Front 22

Sweating releases ________ as the evaporation of ______ from the skin cools the skin and blood.

Back 22

• Heat
  
• Water
  

Front 23

Fluids _______ & _______ our tissues.

Back 23

Protect

Lubricate

Front 24

Cerbrospinal fluid protects what?

Back 24

Brain & Spinal column

Front 25

Amniotic Fluids protect what?

Back 25

Fetus

Front 26

Synovial fluid lubricates what?

Back 26

Joints

Front 27

Digestive secretion allows for easy what?

Back 27

Passage of Material

Front 28

Pleural fluid covers what organ and does what?

Back 28

The lungs & allows friction free expansion & retraction. (Breathing)

Front 29

Electrolytes help regulate what?

Back 29

Fluid Balance

Front 30

Water follows the movement of _________, moving by ________ to areas where the concentration of electrolytes is high.

Back 30

Electrolytes

Osmosis

Front 31

This allows the controlled movement of _____ into and out of cells.

Back 31

Fluids

Front 32

Electrolytes enable our nerves to respond to what?

Back 32

Stimuli

Front 33

Movement of Sodium (Na+) * Potassium (K+) across membranes of nerve cells does what?

Back 33

Changes the electrical charge across the membrane.

Front 34

Electrolytes signal our muscles to what?

Back 34

Contract

Front 35

Calcium (Ca2+) into the muscle cell stimualtes the muscle to what?

Back 35

Contract

Front 36

Ca2+ pumped back out of the cell after what?

Back 36

Muscle Contraction

Front 37

What is the thirst mechanism?

Back 37

Cluster of nerve cells that stimulate our desire to drink.

Front 38

Water is lost through what?

Back 38

• Urine
  
• Sweat
  
• Evaporation
  
• Exhalation
  
• Feces
  

Front 39

Water is gained through what?

Back 39

• Beverages
  
• Food
  
• Metabolic Reactions
  

Front 40

Metabolic water contributes about ________ of the water the body needs.

Back 40

10 - 14%

Front 41

Sensible loss of water is what?

Back 41

Things that can be measured, urine, sweat, etc.

Front 42

Insensible water loss is what?

Back 42

Evaporation from the skin or exhalation from the lungs, as well as through feces.

Front 43

Diuretics do what?

Back 43

Increase fluid and electrolytes loss via urine.

Front 44

Functions of water:

Back 44

• Essential for Life
  
• Electrolyte & fluid balance and many metabolic reactions.
  

Front 45

How much water should someone take?

Back 45

Depends on environment & activity level.

Front 46

"Hard Water" is relatively high in what?

Back 46

Calcium

Front 47

The EPA regulates water safety, true or false?

Back 47

True

Front 48

Can you get too much water?

Back 48

It's rare but yes. Can result in dilution of sodium. (Hypnoatremia)

Symptoms of intoxication such as vomiting can occur. Not corrected results in death.

Front 49

Not drinking enough water leads to what?

Back 49

Dehydration

Infants & Elderly are very vulnerable.

Front 50

Too much caffeine can lead to what?

Back 50

Heart palpitations & nervousness.

Front 51

Energy Drinks

Back 51

High Caffeine and a significant amount of added sugar.

Government has tired to discourage this.

College Cram.

Front 52

Functions of Sodum

Back 52

• Fluid & Electrolyte Balance (major function)
• Associated with blood Pressure and pH balance in body.
• Required for nerve impulse transmission.
• Assists in the transport of certain nutrients (e.g. glucose) into body cells.

Front 53

What is too much Sodium?

Back 53

Hypernatremia

Front 54

What is the result of Hypernatremia?

Back 54

High blood volume, edema (swelling), and high blood pressure.

Front 55

What can Hypernatremia be a sign of?

Back 55

Congestive heart failure or kidney disease.

Front 56

What is not enough Sodium called?

Back 56

Hyponatremia

Front 57

What can cause Hyponatremia?

Back 57

Vomiting, diarrhea, & sweating

Front 58

Functions of Potassium

Back 58

• Fluid & Electrolyte Balance
  
• Very important in muscle contractions and transmissions of nerve impulses
  
• High potassium intake helps to maintain a lower blood pressure
  

Front 59

Sources of Potassium

Back 59

• Processed foods are usually low in potassium
  
• Fresh fruit & vegetables and whole grains are good sources of potassium.
  

Front 60

What is too much Potassium called?

Back 60

Hyperkalemia

Front 61

What can result in Hyperkalemia?

Back 61

Kidney Disease

Front 62

What can Hyperkalemia do?

Back 62

Alter normal heart rhythm, resulting in a heart attack.

Front 63

What is too little potassium called?

Back 63

Hypokalemia

Front 64

What causes Hypokalemia?

Back 64

Kidney Disease or diabetic acidosis.

Front 65

What causes Hypokalemia?

Back 65

Certain diuretic medications.

Front 66

Functions of Chloride?

Back 66

• Assists with maintaining fluid balance.
  
• Assists the immune system
  
• Component of HCl in the stomach
  

Front 67

What if you consume too much chloride?

Back 67

Hypertension in salt-sensitive patients.

Front 68

Functions of Phosphorus

Back 68

• Major intracellular negatively charged electrolyte
• Required for fluid balance
  
• Critical role in bone formation (85% of body's phosphorus is found in bone.)
• Regulates biochemical pathways by activating or deactivating enzymes
• Found in ATP, DNA, RNA

Front 69

What is a good source of Phosphorus?

Back 69

Dairy Product

Front 70

What if you consume too much phosphorus?

Back 70

Muscle Spasms, convulsions

Front 71

What can cause too much phosphorus?

Back 71

Kidney disease or when taking too many vitamin D supplements.

Front 72

True or false, phosphorus deficiency is extremely rare.

Back 72

True.

Front 73

What are serious health problems that occur when fluid excretion exceeds intake?

Back 73

• Dehydration
  
• Heat Illnesses
  

Front 74

Dehydration occurs when?

Back 74

Losing more liquid than you've replaced.

Front 75

How is dehydration classified?

Back 75

% of weight loss in terms of fluid weight.

Front 76

Three common types of heat illnesses linked to dehydration are

Back 76

• Heat Cramps
• Heat Exhaustion
• Heatstroke

Front 77

What is a heat cramp?

Back 77

Painful muscle cramps in the belly, arms, or legs. May last seconds or minutes.

Front 78

If you get a heat cramp, what do you need to do?

Back 78

Stop activity immediately, cool down, and rest.

Front 79

What is Heat Exhaustion?

Back 79

Usually occurs after a heat cramp. Cramps, weakness, vomiting, dizziness, and elevated blood pressure & pulse. May take several days to develop.

Front 80

How do you treat Heat Exhaustion?

Back 80

Treated aggressively & promptly to prevent heatstroke.

Front 81

What is Heatstroke?

Back 81

Body's temperature regulation mechanism fails. Rapid pulse, hot & dry skin, high body temperature, and weakness.

Front 82

How do you treat Heatstroke?

Back 82

Immediate & emergency care. Cooling & rest.

Front 83

What is an alcoholic drink?

Back 83

1/2 Fluid Ounce of pure alcohol.

Front 84

Proof is what?

Back 84

Measurement of alcohol content

Front 85

Moderate alcohol for men & women is what?

Back 85

One drink for women. Two drinks for men.

Front 86

Benefits of moderate consumption of alcohol includes what?

Back 86

• Stress & anxiety reduction
  
• Appetite improvement
  
• Lower rates of heart disease
  
• Possible lower risks for diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and liver disease.
  

Front 87

Risks involved with alcohol intake include what?

Back 87

• Woman higher rate of breast cancer
  
• Increased risk of hypertension
  
• Higher rates of bleeding in the brain
  
• Relatively high Calorie content
  
• Potential risk for adverse drug interactions.
  

Front 88

Binge drinking is the consumption of ____ or more drinks per occasion.

Back 88

Five

Front 89

What is alcohol poisoning?

Back 89

Metabolism is so badly messed up you go into cardiac arrest.

Front 90

What is a Fatty Liver?

Back 90

Early but reversible sign of liver damage.

Front 91

What is Alcohol Hepatitis?

Back 91

Loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain & jaundice.