Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
ions
|
charged atoms
|
|
|
extracellular fluid
|
outside cells
|
|
|
interstitial fluid
|
fluid between cells
|
|
|
intracellular fluid
|
fluid inside cells
|
|
|
the thirst mechanism
|
a 10% decrease in plasma volume or a 1-2% increase in plasma particles causes a dry mouth and stimulates the hypothalamus
|
|
|
ADH
|
released by the pituitary gland when salt concentration is too high or blood volume or blood pressure are too low- causes the kidneys to reabsorb water
|
|
|
the rennin angiotensis system
|
rennin is released by the kidneys when blood pressure is low; rennin activates the blood protein angiotensin; then angiotensin contricts blood vessels and causes the kidney to absorb sodium and water
|
|
|
aldosterone
|
a hormone released by the adrenal glands and it causes the kidney to reabsorb sodium and water, so blood pressure increases
|
|
|
obligatory water loss
|
the minimum amount of water required to dispose of wastes in the urine
|
|
|
dehydration
|
excessive water loss; usually due to too little intake, diarrhea, or vomiting- symptoms: thirst, weakness, dry skin, delirium, and exhaustion
|
|
|
water intoxication
|
excessive water intake in a short period of time; symptoms: confusion, convulsions, and then death
|
|
|
osmosis
|
the movement of water from a high to low concentration
|
|
|
cation
|
a positive atom
|
|
|
anion
|
a negative atom
|
|
|
electrolytes
|
salts that break apart in water and conduct electricity
|
|
|
acidosis
|
a blood pH less than 7.35 and it depresses the nervous system
|
|
|
alkalosis
|
a blood pH greater than 7.45 and it overexcites the nervous system
|
|
|
the bicarbonate buffer system
|
made of 3 components:
1. H+ (reacts with bases to make H2O) 2. HCO3- reacts with acids and bases (neutralizes acids- reacts with bases to make H2O and CO3-2) 3. H2CO3 (reacts with OH- to make H2O and HCO3-) |
|
|
Na (sodium)
|
required for muscle contraction, nerve transmission, and regulation of extracellular fluid- minimum people need is 500 mg/day- toxic amount is 5,000 mg/ a day (toxic symptoms-swelling, hypertension)
-good sources: salt, processed foods |
|
|
Cl (chlorine)
|
part of the HCl molecule and it is in extracellular fluid; a deficiency never occurs- toxicity occurs at 10,000 mg- causes vomiting
*good sources: table salt, processed foods |
|
|
K (potassium)
|
the main positive atom inside of cells- required for muscles and nerves- it minimum is 2,000 mg/day- deficiency causes weakness and arrythmias- toxicity occurs at 11,000 mg and its symptoms are weakness, vomiting, and cardiac arrest
*good sources: fruist, vegetables, meats, beans, milk products |
|
|
Ca (calcium)
|
required by bones, muscles, and blood clotting- acidity favors absorption- also, it requires a protein to be absorbed- fiber interferes with its absorption- deficiency causes slow growth, bone loss, and tetany- toxicity occurs 2,500 mg and it causes constipation, kidney stones, and rigor
|
|
|
tetany
|
intermittent muscle spasms
|
|
|
rigor
|
hard or stiff muscles
|
|
|
parathyroid hormone
|
moves calcium from the bones to the blood
|
|
|
calcitonin
|
moves calcium from the blood into bones
|
|
|
P (phosphorous)
|
needed in ATP, DNA, RNA, phospholipids, hydroxyapatitie, and the phosphate buffer system- deficiency symptoms are weakness and bone pain- toxicity occurs at 4,000 mg and causes calcium to be excreted from the body
*good sources: milk, meat, beans |
|
|
Mg (Magnesium)
|
needed in bones- also holds Ca inside tooth enamel- also required by over 300 enzymes- deficiency causes weakness, confusion, and difficult swallowing- toxicity occurs at 350 mg- causes diarrhea, dehydration, and alkalosis
*good sources: green vegetables, nuts, beans, seafood, and chocolate |
|
|
S (sulfur)
|
stabilizes proteins and it is used to make insulin- deficiency is unknown- its toxicity suppresses growth
*good sources: meat, milk, nuts, and beans |
