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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Nutrition?
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The science of foods and the nutrients and other substances they contain and of their actions in the body including ingestion, absorption, transport, metabolism, and excretion.
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What is the number 1 reason people choose foods?
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Taste!
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What are foods?
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products derived from plants or animals that can be taken into the body to yield energy and nutrients for the the maintenance of life and the growth and repair of tissues.
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What is diet?
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The foods and beverages a person eats and drinks.
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What are other way people choose foods?
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Through habit, ethnic heritage or tradition, social interaction, availability convenience & economy, positive and negative associations, emotional comfort and values, body weight and image and nutrition and health benefits.
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What are functional foods?
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foods that contain physiologically active compounds that provide health benefits beyond their nutrient contribution; sometimes called designer foods or nutraceuticals.
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What are phytochemicals?
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non nutrient compounds found in plant derived foods that have biological activity in the body.
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What does PHYTO stand for?
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phyto = plants
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What is energy?
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The capacity to do work. The energy in food is chemical energy. The body can convert this chemical energy to mechanical, electrical, or heat energy.
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What is nutrients?
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chemical substances obtained from food and used in the body to provide energy, structural materials, and regulating agents to support growth, maintenance, and repair the body's tissues. Nutrients can also reduce the risks of some diseases.
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What is the composition of the average man and woman?
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men= 60% water, 13-21% fats (23-31% in women), & the rest are made of constituents like carbs, vitamins & minerals.
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What is organic farming?
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farming standards set by the US department of agriculture (USDA) that limits or eliminates chemicals for use in growing crops or raising livestock.
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What are the 6 types of nutrients?
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Carbohydrates, Lipids (fats), Proteins, Vitamins, Minerals & Water.
or CLPVMW |
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What are macronutrients?
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nutrients that the body requires in large amounts
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What are they macronutrients?
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Carbohydrates, Lipids (fats), & Protein
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What is a good Mnemonic for CLPVMW?
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Crime Loves Pain Very Much Why?
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What are micronutrients?
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nutrients the body needs in small amounts
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What are the micronutrients?
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vitamins and minerals
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What is the simplest nutrients?
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Minerals because its and elements and its atoms are all alike
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What is the 2nd simplest nutrient?
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Water because it contains two elements hydrogen and oxygen.
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What are minerals and water considered to be? Organic or inorganic
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Inorganic because they do not contain carbon
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What are the organic nutrients?
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Carbohydrates, Lipids (fats), Protein, and Vitamins because they contain carbon.
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What does organic mean?
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organic = alive
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Which 3 organic nutrients provide energy?
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Carbohydrates, Lipids (fats), & Protein
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What are the nutrients Carbohydrates, Lipids (fats), & Protein known as?
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Energy yielding nutrients
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What nutrients do not yield energy to the body?
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vitamins, minerals, & water
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The energy released in Carbohydrates, Lipids (fats), & Protein can be measured in what?
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calories
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Energy is expressed in 1000 calories known as what?
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Kilocalories but commonly called "calories"
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If a book or magazine expresses a food in 100 calories, how many calories is it actually?
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100 kcalories or 100000 calories.
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What is the abbreviation for kcalories?
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kcal
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Define one kcalorie?
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The amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram(kg) of water 1 degree celsius.
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What is the international unit for measuring food energy?
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Joule a measure of work energy.
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What is the formula to convert kcalories to kjoules?
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kcal X 4.2 = Kjoules
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What is the formula to convert kjoules to kcal?
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kjoules
--------- = Kcal 0.42 |
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Whats the best way to remember the convertion of kcal to kjoules and vice versa?
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remember multiply 4.2 & divide by .24 (like moving the four to the last place)
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What is the scientific term for organic?
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in chemistry a substance or molecule containing carbon-carbon bonds or carbon hydrogen bonds. This definition excludes coal, diamonds, and a few carbon containing compounds that contain only a single carbon and no hydrogen like CO2 (carbon dioxide), CACO3 (calcium carbonate), MgCo3 (Magnesium carbonate) etc.
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What are essential nutrients? Also know as indispensable nutrients?
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nutrients a person must obtain from food because the body cannot make them for itself in sufficient quantity to meet physiological needs. About 40 nutrients are currently knows to be essential in humans.
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What does 1000 calories equal?
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1000 calories = 1 kilocalorie
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What is energy density?
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a measure of energy a food provides relative to the amount of food (kcalories per gram)
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How do you calculate energy from foods?
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multiply the number of grams of Carbohydrates, Proteins & Lipids (fats), by 4 , 4 , 9
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What is the magic numbers to calculate the energy from foods?
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4 4 9
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What 3 energy yielding nutrients that we multiply with 4, 4, 9 to calculate the energy available from foods?
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Carbohydrates, Proteins, & Lipids (fats)
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How many kcalories per gram does alcohol contribute?
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7 kcal per gram
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Why is alcohol not considered a nutrient?
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Because it has been found to interfer with the body's growth, maintenance and repair.
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What is metabolism?
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The processes by which nutrients are broken down to yield energy or used to make body structures.
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What are vitamins?
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organic, essential nutrients required in small amounts by the body for health.
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What are minerals?
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inorganic elements. Some minerals are essential nutrients required in small amounts by the body for health.
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What is genome?
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The full compliment of genetic material (DNA) in the chromosomes of the cell . In human beings, the genome consists of 46 chromosomes.
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What is the study of genomes called?
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Genomics
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What is nutritional genomics or nutrigenomics?
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The science of how nutrients affect the activities of the genes. Also called nutrigenomics.
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What is nutrigenetics?
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Nutrigenomics and how the genes affect the interaction between diet and disease.
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What is an anecdote?
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A personal account of an experience or event and is not acceptable as reliable scientific information.
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What is a hypothesis?
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An educated guess
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What is the scientific method?
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Observation & Question, Hypothesis, Experiment, Results & Experimentation. The cycle depending on the results.
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What is randomization?
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subjects are randomly chosen by flipping a coin or some other method involving chance
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What are the 2 groups in a typical experiment called?
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The experimental group and the control group.
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What is the purpose of the experimental group?
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To determine if the hypothesis works on the group. ie the group that gets the vitamin pill
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What is the control group?
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A group of individuals similar to in all possible respects to the experimental group except for the treatment. Usually the control group gets a placebo and the experimental group gets the real treatment.
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What is a blind experiment?
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an experiment in which the the subjects do not know whether they are members of the experimental group or not.
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What is correlation?
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The simultaneous increase or decrease or change in two variables.If A increases and B increases and if A decrease as B decreases
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What is a negative correlation?
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If A increases as B decreases and vice versa.
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What is a double blind experiment?
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an experiment in which neither the subjects nor the researchers know which subjects are members of the experimental group and which are serving as control subjects, until the after the experiment is over.
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What is the experimental group?
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a group of individuals similar in all possible respects to the control group except for the treatment. the experimental group would get the real treatment.
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What is a hypothesis?
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an unproven statement that tentatively explains the relationship between two or more variables.
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What is a peer review?
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A process which a panel of scientist rigorously evaluates a research study to assure the scientific method was followed.
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What is a placebo?
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an inert harmless medication given to provide comfort and hope; a sham treatment used in controlled research studies.
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What is a placebo effect?
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a change occurs in response to expectations in the effectiveness of treatment that actually has no pharmaceutical effects.
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What is randomization?
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a process for choosing members of teh experimental and control groups without bias.
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What is replication?
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repeating an experiment and getting the same results. Usually a repeated experiment has more validity than a non repeated one.
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What are subjects?
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The people or animals participating in a research project.
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What is a theory?
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A tentative explanation that integrates many diverse findings to further the understanding of a defines topic.
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What is validity?
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having the quality of being founded for fact or evidence.
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What are variables?
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factors that change. A variable may depend on another variable (a childs height depends on his age), or example, a child's height does not depend on the color of her eyes.
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Identify 3 epidemiological studies?
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Cross Sectional, case control, & Cohort
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What is cross sectional?
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Researchers observe how much and what kinds of foods people eat and how healthy those people are. Their findings identify factors that might influence the incidence of a disease in various populations.
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What is case control?
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Researchers compare people who do not have a given condition such as a disease, closely matching them in age, gender, and other key factors will stand out. These differences may account for the condition in the group that has it.
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What is cohort?
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Researchers analyze data collected from a selected group of people (cohorts) at intervals over a period of time.
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What are the strengths of epidemiological studies?
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Strength: Can narrow down the list of possible causes. Can raise questions to pursue though other types of study
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What are the weaknesses of epidemiological studies?
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Weaknesses: Cannot control variables that may influence the development or the prevention of diseases.
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Identify 3 experimental studies?
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Laboratory based animal studies, laboratory based vitro studies, & human intervention (clinical) trials.
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What are laboratory based animal studies?
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Researchers feed animals special diets that provide or omit specific nutrients and then observe changes in health. Such studies test possible disease causes and treatments in a laboratory where all conditions can be controlled.
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What are the strengths of laboratory based studies?
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Strengths: Can control conditions & can determine the effects of a variable
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What are the weaknesses of laboratory based studies?
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Weakness: cannot apply results from test tubes or animals to human beings.
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What are laboratory based in vitro studies?
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Researchers examine the effects of a specific variable on a tissue, cell, or molecule isolated from a living organism.
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What are human intervention (or clinical) trials?
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Researchers ask people to adopt behaviors (for example eat a citrus fruit, take a vitamin C tablet, or exercise daily). These trials determine the effectiveness of such interventions on the development or prevention of disease.
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What are the strengths of Human intervention or clinical trials?
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You can control conditions (for the most part) & can apply findings to some groups of human beings.
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What are Dietary Required Intakes?
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(DRI) a set of nutrient intake values for healthy people in the US & Canada. These values are used for planning and assessing diets and include. Estimated Average Requirements (EAR), Recommended Daily Allowances (RDA), Adequate Intakes (AI), Tolerable Upper Level Intakes (UL)
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What is a requirement?
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the lowest continuing intake of a nutrient that will maintain a specified criterion of adequacy.
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What is EAR?
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Estimated Average Requirement- the average daily amount of a nutrient that will maintain a specific biochemical or physiological function in half the healthy people of a given age and gender group.
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What is RDA?
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Recommended Dietary Allowance; the average daily amount of a nutrient considered adequate to meet the known nutrients needs of practically all healthy people ; a goal dietary intake by individuals.
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What is Deficient?
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the amount of nutrient below which almost all healthy people can be expected over time to experience deficiency symptoms.
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What is AI?
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Adequate Intake; the average daily amount of nutrient that appears sufficient to maintain a specified criterion ; a value used as a guide for nutrient intake when an RDA cannot be determined.
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What is UL?
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Upper tolerable Intake Level: the maximum daily amount of a nutrient that appears safe for most healthy people and beyond which there is an increase risk of adverse health effects.
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What is the order of lowest to highest on an accurate view of intake of nutrients?
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EAR, RDA or AI, & UL
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What is EER?
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Estimated Energy Requirement (EER); The average dietary energy intake that maintains the energy balance and good health in a person of a given age, gender, weight, height, and level of physical activity.
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What is AMDR?
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Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges: ranges of intakes for the energy nutrients that provides adequate energy and nutrients and reduce the risk of chronic diseases.
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What is a registered dietician?
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a college educated food and nutrition specialist who is qualified to evaluate people's nutritional health and needs.
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What is malnutrition?
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Any condition caused by excess or deficient food energy or nutrient intake by an imbalance of nutrients.
mal = bad |
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What is undernutrition?
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deficient energy or nutrients
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What is overnutrition?
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excess energy or nutrients
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What is nutrition assessment?
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a comprehensive analysis of a person's nutrition status that uses health , socioeconomic, drug and diet histories , anthropometric measurements, physical examinations and laboratory tests.
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What is anthropometric?
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relating to measurement of the physical characteristics of the body, such as height and weight.
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What is overt?
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out in the open and easy to observe
overt = to open |
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What is primary deficiency?
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A nutrient deficiency caused by inadequate dietary intake of a nutrient.
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What is secondary deficiency?
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a nutrient deficiency caused by something other than inadequate intake such as disease condition or drug interaction that reduces absorption, accelerates use, hastens excretion, or destroys the nutrient.
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What is covert?
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hidden as if undercover
Couvrir = to cover |
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What are healthy people?
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a national public health initiative under the jurisdiction of the US department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) that identifies the most significant preventable threats to health and focuses efforts towards eliminating them.
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What is chronic diseases?
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diseases characterized by a slow progression and long duration, examples which include heart disease, cancer, diabetes.
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What is risk factor?
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a condition or behavior associated with elevated frequency of a disease but not proved to be casual. Leading risk factors for chronic diseases include obesity, cigarette smoking, high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, physical inactivity, diet in high saturated fat and low in vegetables, fruits, and whole grains.
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