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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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This lipoprotein is often referred to as "bad cholesterol." Of all the lipoproteins, it has the highest concentration of cholesterol, and it tends to carry cholesterol to arteries, where it gets deposited in artery walls. |
LDL |
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This lipoprotein is often referred to as "good cholesterol." Of all the lipoproteins, it has the highest concentration of protein, and it tends to pick up excess cholesterol in the blood and carry it back to the liver, where the liver repackages it for disposal. |
HDL |
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In the process of atherosclerosis, the following undergoes oxidation and is deposited within artery wall |
LDL cholesterol |
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Which of the following statements does NOT apply to "free radicals" (highly reactive oxygen molecules)? a) The average US diet is high in substances that can protect the body from free radical damage. b) They are toxic compounds created in the body as a result of chemical reactions that involve oxygen. c) They can cause damage to a variety of tissues in the body; they are sometimes referred to as the "biological equivalent of rust." d) Antioxidants, such as vitamins C and E, and some phytochemicals, such as beta carotene, can neutralize free radicals, preventing them from causing damage |
a) The average US diet is high in substances that can protect the body from free radical damage. |
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Reasons that a person might have high blood cholesterol levels could include all but which of the following? a) some people inherit a tendency to make too much cholesterol in their bodies b) some people eat too much saturated fat, which the body can use to make cholesterol c) some people carry excess weight, especially around their stomachs d) some people eat too much monounsaturated fat, which the body can use to make cholesterol |
d) some people eat too much monounsaturated fat, which the body can use to make cholesterol |
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Which of the following diet components does NOT tend to lower blood cholesterols levels? a) polyunsaturated fat b) monosunsaturated fat c) trans fat d) omega-3 fat |
c) trans fat |
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Based on current research, the single most helpful change in diet that one could make to lower his/her cholesterol level is: a) reduce intake of saturated fats b) reduce sugar intake c) increase fiber intake d) drink more fluids, esp. water |
a) reduce intake of saturated fats |
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Which of the following diet components is NOT associated with lower risk for heart disease? a) increased intake of fruits and vegetables b) increased intake of whole grains c) increased intakes of foods with soluble fiber, such as oatmeal d) increased intake of refined carbohydrates |
d) increased intake of refined carbohydrates |
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Which of the following oils is high in monounsaturated fat? a) olive oil b) corn oil c) sunflower oil d) coconut oil |
a) olive oil |
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Which of the following oils or fats is highest in trans fat? a) corn oil b) soft tub margarine c) stick margarine d) coconut oil |
c) stick margarine |
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What are the 3 major types of lipids? |
Triglycerides (fats and oils), phospholipids (lecithin), and sterols (cholesterol) |
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What is a fat? |
Lipids that are solid at normal room temperature |
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What is an oil? |
Lipids that are liquid at normal room temperature |
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What are the functions of fat in the body? |
-Provide a concentrated source of energy to fuel the body's work -Serve as the body's chief energy reserve -Form the major components of cell membranes -Nourish skin and hair -Insulate the body from extremes of temperature -Cushion the vital organs to protect them from shock -Provide raw materials for body compounds such as bile and vitamin D |
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What are the functions of fat in food? |
-Provide calories -Provide satiety -Carry fat-soluble vitamins and essential fatty acids -Contribute aroma and flavor |
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What is a triglyceride? |
The major class of dietary lipids, including fats and oils. It is made up of 3 units known as fatty acids, and one unit called glycerol. |
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What is a phospholipid? What roles do they play in the body and in the food? |
A lipid similar to a triglyceride but containing phosphorus; one of the 3 main classes of lipids.
Lecithin is a phospholipid, a major constituent of cell membranes; manufactured by the liver and also found in many foods |
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What is a sterol? What is the most commonly recognized sterol? |
Lipids with a structure similar to that of cholesterol; one of the three main classes of lipids.
Cholesterol is the best known. |
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What is a saturated fat? |
A fatty acid carrying the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms (having no points of unsaturation). Saturated fats are found in animal foods such as meat, poultry, and full-fat dairy products as well as in tropical oils such as palm and coconut |
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What are some examples of foods (including fats and oils) that are higher in saturated fats? |
Cream, Lard (pork fat), shortening, beef tallow, coconut oil, palm oil |
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What is an unsaturated fat? |
A fatty acid with one or more points of unsaturation. Unsaturated fats are found in foods from both plant and animal sources. Unsaturated fatty acids are further divided into monounsatrurated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids. |
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What are monounsaturated fats and what are some examples of foods (including fats and oils) that are higher in monounsaturated fats? |
A fatty acid containing one point of unsaturation; found mostly in vegetable oils such as olive, canola, and peanut.
Avocados, olives, nuts (peanuts and cashews), peanut butter |
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What are polyunsaturated fats and what are some examples of foods (including fats and oils) that are higher in monounsaturated fats?` |
A fatty acid in which 2 or more points of unsaturation occur; found in nuts and vegetable oils such as safflower, sunflower, and soybean as well as in fatty fish.
Liquid/soft margarines, mayonnaise, almonds, walnuts, pecans |
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What are the 2 polyunsaturated fats that are essential fatty acids? |
Linoleic acid and linolenic acid (omega-6 and omega-3) |
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What are some foods that are high in Omega-3 fatty acids? |
-Canola, flaxseed oils -Walnuts -Ocean fish (salmon, mackerel, tuna) -Shellfish -Soybean oil, soy foods -Wheat germ |
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What are some health benefits of Omega-3? |
Reduce blood clot formation, inflammation, and cancer |
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What is a lipoprotein? |
Clusters of lipids surrounded by a protein coat -Serve as transport vehicles for lipids in blood and lymph |
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What are the 4 types of lipoproteins? |
1. Chlyomieron 2. VLDL "very-low-density lipoprotein" 3. LDL "low-density lipoprotein" 4. HDL "high-density lipoprotein" |
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Chlyomieron |
transports newly digested fat from intestine into lymph and blood; mostly triglyceride |
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VLDL |
carries fats packaged by the liver to various tissues in the body; are high in triglyceride |
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LDL |
(carries cholesterol to body cells) high blood cholesterol is usually due to high LDL |
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HDL |
(carries cholesterol in blood back to liver for recycling or disposal |
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When one's total cholesterol level is elevated, which lipoprotein is usually elevated, increasing the risk for atherosclerosis and heart disease? |
LDLj |
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How do various types of fat in the diet affect the various lipoproteins? |
-saturated fat: raises total LDDL cholesterol -polyunsaturated fat: lowers total and LDL cholesterol, lowers HDL cholesterol -monounsaturated fat: lowers total and LDL cholesterol, no decrease in HDL cholesterol -omega-3 fat: lowers total and LDL cholesterol, raises HDL cholesterol -trans fat: raises total and LDL cholesterol |
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What does it mean when food manufacturers hydrogenate an oil? |
Process of adding hydrogen to unsaturated fat, makes fat more solid and more resistant to chemical change, trans fat |
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What is a trans fat? |
Created when an unsaturated fat is hydrogenated |
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Which type of fat is trans fat most similar to? |
saturated fat |
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How does trans fat influence total and LDL cholesterol? |
Raises total and LDL cholesterol |
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Which fat replacer has the potential to cause unpleasant gastrointestinal symptoms and could prevent the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins? |
Olestra |
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Essential fatty acid |
cannot be synthesized in the body in amounts adequate to meet physiological needs |
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Emulsifier |
substance that is able to mix with both fat and water
breaks fat globules into small droplets, suspending fat in water |
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Bile |
mixture that includes cholesterol
emulsifies fats to ready them for enzymatic digestion and helps transport them into intestinal wall cells |
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Free radicals (also called reaction oxygen molecules) |
highly toxic compounds created in the body due to chemical reactions that involve oxygen |
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Oxidized LDL-cholesterol (o-LDL) |
The cholesterol in LDLs that is attacked by free radicals |
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Foam Cells |
Cells from the immune system that contain scavenged oxidized LDL cholesterol; thought to initiate plaque formation inside artery walls
(atherosclerosis) |
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What is an amino acid? |
Building blocks of protein |
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Which element does protein (amino acids) have that carbohydrates and fats do not? |
nitrogen |
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What is the difference between an essential amino acid and a nonessential amino acid? |
Essential amino acid cannot be synthesized by body or cannot be synthesized in amounts sufficient to meet physiological needs |
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What are the major functions of proteins in the body? |
-growth and maintenance -enzymes -hormones -antibodies -fluid balance -acid-base balance -transportation -body structures -energy |
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What are (and which one of these is always made from proteins): -Enzymes -Hormones |
Enzymes: all enzymes are proteins, they are catalysts-biological spark plugs
Hormones: chemical messengers, they are secreted by a variety of glands in the body in response to altered conditiosn |
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What are antibodies? |
Large proteins in blood and body fluids, produced in response to invasion by unfamiliar proteins (antigens) |
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What is urea? |
Main nitrogen excretion product of metabolism
Created from amine groups removed from unneeded amino acids |
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What role does protein play in fluid balance? |
Distribution of fluid among body compartments
Body proteins help hold fluid within: cells, tissues, and blood vessels |
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What role does protein play in acid-base balance? |
Some proteins act as buffers to maintain the blood's normal pH |
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What is meant by the "protein-sparing effect of carbohydrates and fats?" |
Protein can be usd for energy
If carbohydrate and fat are adequate, amino acids can be "spared" for use to build body proteins |
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What are the two major diseases of protein and energy (calorie) deficiency (protein-energy malnutrition)? |
Kwashiorkor and Marasmus |
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Which disease involves a deficiency of protein while calories may be adequate? |
Kwashiorkor |
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Which disease involves a deficiency of protein and calories? |
Marasmus |
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What is meant by protein quality? |
Measure of the essential amino acid content of a protein relative to the essential amino acid needs of the body |
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What is meant when one says that a protein is a "complete" protein? |
Proteins containing all the essential amino acids in the right proportion relative to need |
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What is an "incomplete" protein? |
A protein lacking or low in one or more of the essential amino acids |
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Proteins from what sources are always complete proteins? |
animal and soy proteins |
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Proteins from what sources tend to be incomplete proteins? |
plants |
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What are complementary proteins? |
2 or more food proteins whose amino acid assortments complement each other
essential amino acids limited in or missing from each are supplied by the other |
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What are some examples of complementary protein groups? |
Grains + Legumes (dried beans and peas) Legumes + Seeds and Nuts Grains + Seeds and Nuts |
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Semivegetarian |
Some but not all groups of animal-derived products, such as meat, poultry, fish, seafood, eggs, milk, and milk products, are included in this diet |
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Lacto-vegetarian |
MIlk and milk products are included in this diet, but meat, poultry, fish, seafood, and eggs are excluded
deficient in iron |
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Lacto-ovovegetarian |
Milk and milk products and eggs are included in this diet, but meat, poultry, fish, and seafood are excluded
deficient in iron, vitamin D, calcium, riboflavin |
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Strict vegetarian/vegan |
All animal-derived foods, including meat, poultry, fish, seafood, eggs, milk and milk products are excluded from this diet
deficient in: iron, vitamin D, calcium, riboflavin, vitamin B12, omega-3 fatty acids, high-quality protein |
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What is a food allergy? |
Reaction to food that involves immune system
The allergen is usually a protein in food that body sees as harmful |
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Food intolerance |
General term for any adverse reaction to food that does not involve the immune system |
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What is a potentially fatal food allergy reaction called? |
Anaphylaxis |
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Top 8 food causing adverse reactions |
milk, eggs, peanuts, nuts, fish, wheat, soy, shellfish |
