• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/23

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

23 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back


What is the energy requirement for infants (per kilogram)


100 kcal/kg


What is the expected weight gain of an infant in the first year?


Weight triples in the first year (20-25 pounds)


What nutrients may need to be supplemented in the breastfed infant?


Vitamin D, Iron, and Fluoride


What advantages does breastfeeding have over formula?


Immunologic Protection:


-Colostrum-produced first 2-3 days


Contains antibodies and WBCs


Protects the infant from infections against which mom has developed immunity


-Bifidus factors - promotes friendly bacteria


-Lactoferrin


Binds iron, helps absorb iron, limits bacteria from getting iron


-Lactadherin - helps prevent infant diarrhea


-Growth factor


-Lipase enzyme


-Sterile


Allergy and Disease Protection:


-Fewer allergies than formula-fed babies


-Lower blood pressure as adults


-Lower blood cholesterol as adults


-Protection against cardiovascular disease


Other Potential Benefits:


-Less obesity as adults


-Indications of positive effect on later intelligence


Know the composition of formula compared to human breast milk


Infant formula: 9% Protein, 42% Carbohydrate, 49% Fat (Iron fortified)


Breast milk: 6% Protein, 39% Carbohydrate, 55% Fat


Know the nutrient differences between cow’s milk compared to human breast milk


Cow’s Milk: 20% Protein, 29% Carbohydrate, 51% Fat (too much protein, too little carbohydrate)


At what age can you introduce whole milk to a child?


After 1 year of age


Know when low fat milk can be introduced to a child


Between 2-5 years of age


What is “nursing bottle” tooth decay?


Upper and lower teeth may be affected by decay


Can be caused by formula, milk, or juice


Prolonged exposure to formula when sleeping


At what age is an infant ready to swallow solid foods?


4-6 months of age


What is the first cereal introduced to infants? Why?


Rice cereal, least allergenic


How can you help avoid allergies in infants when starting solids?


Start with single food ingredient


One at a time, in small portions


4-5 days between foods


Know what foods should be avoided in infants


Concentrated sweets


Products with sugar alcohols (sorbitol) that may cause diarrhea


Canned vegetables contain too much sodium


There is a botulism risk with honey and corn syrup


Choking hazards from carrots, cherries, gum, hard or gel-like candies, hot dogs, marshmallows, nuts, peanut butter, popcorn, raw celery, whole beans, and whole grapes


What is the most prevalent nutrient deficiency among U.S. children?


Iron deficiency


High intakes of milk may lead to what deficiency in children?


Iron deficiency


What characteristics might you see in children who skip breakfast?


Directly affects academic performance


Poor concentration


Shorter attention span


Lower score on I.Q. Tests


Know which foods most often cause allergies


Eggs, milk, soy, peanuts, tree nuts, wheat, fish, and shellfish


Know the difference between food intolerance and a food allergy


Food Allergy:


-Occurs when fractions of a food protein or other large molecule are absorbed into the blood and elicit an immunologic response


-Immediate or delayed reaction


Minutes to 24 hours


-Symptomatic or asymptomatic


Food Intolerance:


-Adverse reactions to foods and other discomforts are not all food allergies


-Symptoms without antibody production


Stomach aches


Headaches


Rapid pulse rate


Nausea


Wheezing


Hives


Bronchial irritation


Coughs


Approximately what percentage of U.S. children are overweight?


32%


What are the likely reasons for the increase in childhood obesity over the past 30 years?


Genetic and Environmental Factors


-Parental obesity is a risk factor. Parents act as role models.


Overweight teens with one obese parent have an 80% chance of becoming obese adults


-Poor diet and physical inactivity are risk factors.


-Convenience foods and meals eaten away from home


-Non-nutritious choices at school


-Sedentary activities, e.g. watching television


-Energy-dense soft drinks


How many hours per day does the AAP recommend limiting TV to?


2 hours/day


What are the recommended behaviors to help prevent obesity?


Limit consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, such as soft drinks and fruit-flavored punches


Eat the recommended amounts of fruits and vegetables every day (2 to 4.5 cups per day based on age)


Learn to eat age-appropriate portions of foods


Eat foods low in energy density such as those high in fiber and/or water and modest in fat


Eat a nutritious breakfast every day


Eat a diet rich in calcium


Eat a diet balanced in recommended proportions for carbohydrate, fat, and protein


Eat a diet high in fiber


Eat together as a family as often as possible


Limit the frequency of restaurant meals


Limit television watching or other screen time to no more than 2 hours per day and do not have televisions or computers in bedrooms


Engage in at least 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity every day


Know the characteristics of adolescent food habits and intakes


Snacks provide 1⁄4 of the teenagers energy intake


-High in sugar, fat, and sodium


About 1/3 of their meals are eaten away from home


-Eat fast food


They often skip breakfast


They drink soft drinks instead of milk or juice


-Low in calcium, high in sugar and caffeine


Influenced by their peers