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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the energy requirement for infants (per kilogram) |
•100 kcal/kg |
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What is the expected weight gain of an infant in the first year? |
•Weight triples in the first year (20-25 pounds) |
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What nutrients may need to be supplemented in the breastfed infant? |
•Vitamin D, Iron, and Fluoride |
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What advantages does breastfeeding have over formula? |
•Immunologic Protection: -Colostrum-produced first 2-3 days ◦Contains antibodies and WBCs ◦Protects the infant from infections against which mom has developed immunity -Bifidus factors - promotes friendly bacteria -Lactoferrin ◦Binds iron, helps absorb iron, limits bacteria from getting iron -Lactadherin - helps prevent infant diarrhea -Growth factor -Lipase enzyme -Sterile •Allergy and Disease Protection: -Fewer allergies than formula-fed babies -Lower blood pressure as adults -Lower blood cholesterol as adults -Protection against cardiovascular disease •Other Potential Benefits: -Less obesity as adults -Indications of positive effect on later intelligence |
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Know the composition of formula compared to human breast milk |
•Infant formula: 9% Protein, 42% Carbohydrate, 49% Fat (Iron fortified) •Breast milk: 6% Protein, 39% Carbohydrate, 55% Fat |
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Know the nutrient differences between cow’s milk compared to human breast milk |
•Cow’s Milk: 20% Protein, 29% Carbohydrate, 51% Fat (too much protein, too little carbohydrate) |
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At what age can you introduce whole milk to a child? |
•After 1 year of age |
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Know when low fat milk can be introduced to a child |
•Between 2-5 years of age |
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What is “nursing bottle” tooth decay? |
•Upper and lower teeth may be affected by decay •Can be caused by formula, milk, or juice •Prolonged exposure to formula when sleeping |
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At what age is an infant ready to swallow solid foods? |
•4-6 months of age |
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What is the first cereal introduced to infants? Why? |
•Rice cereal, least allergenic |
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How can you help avoid allergies in infants when starting solids? |
•Start with single food ingredient •One at a time, in small portions •4-5 days between foods |
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Know what foods should be avoided in infants |
•Concentrated sweets •Products with sugar alcohols (sorbitol) that may cause diarrhea •Canned vegetables contain too much sodium •There is a botulism risk with honey and corn syrup •Choking hazards from carrots, cherries, gum, hard or gel-like candies, hot dogs, marshmallows, nuts, peanut butter, popcorn, raw celery, whole beans, and whole grapes |
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What is the most prevalent nutrient deficiency among U.S. children? |
•Iron deficiency |
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High intakes of milk may lead to what deficiency in children? |
•Iron deficiency |
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What characteristics might you see in children who skip breakfast? |
•Directly affects academic performance •Poor concentration •Shorter attention span •Lower score on I.Q. Tests |
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Know which foods most often cause allergies |
•Eggs, milk, soy, peanuts, tree nuts, wheat, fish, and shellfish |
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Know the difference between food intolerance and a food allergy |
•Food Allergy: -Occurs when fractions of a food protein or other large molecule are absorbed into the blood and elicit an immunologic response -Immediate or delayed reaction ◦Minutes to 24 hours -Symptomatic or asymptomatic •Food Intolerance: -Adverse reactions to foods and other discomforts are not all food allergies -Symptoms without antibody production ◦Stomach aches ◦Headaches ◦Rapid pulse rate ◦Nausea ◦Wheezing ◦Hives ◦Bronchial irritation ◦Coughs |
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Approximately what percentage of U.S. children are overweight? |
•32% |
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What are the likely reasons for the increase in childhood obesity over the past 30 years? |
•Genetic and Environmental Factors -Parental obesity is a risk factor. Parents act as role models. ◦Overweight teens with one obese parent have an 80% chance of becoming obese adults -Poor diet and physical inactivity are risk factors. -Convenience foods and meals eaten away from home -Non-nutritious choices at school -Sedentary activities, e.g. watching television -Energy-dense soft drinks |
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How many hours per day does the AAP recommend limiting TV to? |
•2 hours/day |
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What are the recommended behaviors to help prevent obesity? |
•Limit consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, such as soft drinks and fruit-flavored punches •Eat the recommended amounts of fruits and vegetables every day (2 to 4.5 cups per day based on age) •Learn to eat age-appropriate portions of foods •Eat foods low in energy density such as those high in fiber and/or water and modest in fat •Eat a nutritious breakfast every day •Eat a diet rich in calcium •Eat a diet balanced in recommended proportions for carbohydrate, fat, and protein •Eat a diet high in fiber •Eat together as a family as often as possible •Limit the frequency of restaurant meals •Limit television watching or other screen time to no more than 2 hours per day and do not have televisions or computers in bedrooms •Engage in at least 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity every day |
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Know the characteristics of adolescent food habits and intakes |
•Snacks provide 1⁄4 of the teenagers energy intake -High in sugar, fat, and sodium •About 1/3 of their meals are eaten away from home -Eat fast food •They often skip breakfast •They drink soft drinks instead of milk or juice -Low in calcium, high in sugar and caffeine •Influenced by their peers |