Nutrition Ch 12

Front 1

Vitamins:
1) Essential or not?
2) Need in what amounts?
3) If absent, what will occur?
4) Energy Yield?
5) Faciliate what?
6) What kind of solubility?

Back 1

1) Essential
2) small
3) will produce deficiency symptoms
4) 0
5) energy-yielding rx
6) fat or water-soluble

Front 2

What are the Fat Soluble Vitamins?

Back 2

1) Vitamin A (Retinol)
2) Vitamin D (Calciferol)
3) Vitamin E (tocopherol)
4) Vitamin K

Front 3

What are the Water Soluble Vitamins?

Back 3

Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Biotin, Folic Acid, Pyridoxine (B6), Vitamin B12, Pantothenic acid, Vitamin C, and Choline

Front 4

Vitamins in the Body:
1) Fat Soluble are stored or excreted?
2) Exception for Fat Soluble?
3) Water Soluble are stored or excreted?
4) Exception for Water Soluble?

Back 4

1) Stored
2) Vit K
3) Excreted
4) Vit B12 and B6

Front 5

Vitamins in the Body:
1) Deficiency?
2) What is an example of a factor that affects absorption?

Back 5

1) Occurs when vitamin is lacking in diet, sources are depleted
2) alcohol abuse

Front 6

Fat Soluble Vitamins:
1) Absorption increased with?
2) What are the three things that affect absorption?
3) Transported in what?
4) Stored in what?
5) Which are stored in Liver?
6) Which are stored in Fat?
7) Megadoses can be what?

Back 6

1) Dietary Fat
2) a. fat malabsorption, b. alcohol abuse, c. disease (cystic fibrosis, celiac disease, and crohn's disease)
3) chylomicrons
4) body
5) A and D (K in small amounts)
6) E and Plant forms of A
7) Toxic

Front 7

Vitamin A-Preformed:
1) Three examplse of retinoids?
2) Do not need what?
3) Sources?

Back 7

1) Retinal, retinol, and retinoic acid
2) conversion, biologically active
3) animal

Front 8

Vitamin A-Proformed:
1) AKA for proformed?
2) Three examples of Carotenoids?
3) How many Carotenoids exist?
4) What color are Carotenoids?
5) Must be converted to?
6) Sources?
7) Intestinal cells do what to Carotene?

Back 8

1) Provitamins
2) a. beta-carotene, b. alpha carotene, c. beta-cryptoxanthin
3) Hundred
4) Yellow-orange, dark green
5) retinoid form (biologically active)
6) Plant
7) split carotene in 2 (molecules of treinoids)

Front 9

Vitamin A-Forms:
1) Retinol is acquired through what 2 ways?
2) Retinal is form in what?
3) Retinoic Acid is formed in what?
4) Carotenoids is aquired in what 2 ways?

Back 9

1) a. animal products b. supplements
2) vivo
3) vivo
4) a. provitamin, b. plant sources

Front 10

Explain the conversion from Carotenoids to Retinoids

Back 10

1) B-Cartoene is broken down to 2 molecules of retinal through enzymes in the small intestine or liver cells
2) 2 molecules of reintal divide into
a. retinol
b. retinoic acid (dead end-meaning you can't convert back to retinal)

Front 11

What is the Vit A Food Sources for Retinol?

Back 11

1) Liver
2) Fish
3) Fish Oil
4) Milk
5) Cheese
6) Eggs

Front 12

What is the Vit A Food Sources for Carotenoids?

Back 12

1) Sweet Potatoes
2) Carrots
3) Dark Greens (Spinach)
4) Deep yellow
5) Orange F&V

Front 13

Vit A Needs:
1) RDA for Men
2) RDA for Women
3) Average current intake meets what?
4) No DRI for what?
5) What is the Daily Value?

Back 13

1) 900 micrograms
2) 700 micrograms
3) DRI
4) provitamin A
5) 1,000 micrograms

Front 14

How is Vitamin A absorbed:
1) Packaged with?
2) Transported via?
3) What % of Vit A is stored in Liver?

Back 14

1) chylomicrons
2) lymphativ system to liver
3) > 90%

Front 15

How is Vitamin A Transported:
1) How?
2) Retinoids are bound to?
3) Carotenoid are carried by?

Back 15

1) Blood Stream for body use
2) Retinol binding protein
3) VLDL

Front 16

How is Vitamin A Excreted?

Back 16

Small amounts in urine

Front 17

Function of Vitamin A (Retinoids) In Growth and Development:
1) For fetal development?
2) Lack of Vitamin in pregnancy has what 2 outcomes?

Back 17

1) eyes, limbs, cardiovascular, and nervous system
2) a. birth defects
b. fetal mortality

Front 18

Functions of Vitamin A (Retinoids) in Cell Differentiation?

Back 18

Role in making specialized cells used in structural components of the eye (cornea, retina)

Front 19

Vitamin A in Vision:
1) What are the cells in the Retina?
2) What is the function of Rhodopsin?
3) Where does Rhodopsin get its name from?

Back 19

1) Rods and Cones
2) to see in the dark, black/white images
3) Opsin=protein
Retinal=Vitamin A

Front 20

Vit A in Vision-Light Enters Eye:
1) What absorbs light?
2) Chemical rx causes Vit A to change?
3) Bleach process means?
4) Change in Vit A and Separartion from opsin equals what?

Back 20

1) Rhodopsin
2) Form (cis-retinal to trans retinal) causing seperation from opsin
3) Allows adaptation to bright light
4) signal sent via optic nerve to vision center of brain

Front 21

Vit A in Vision-Dark Conditions:
1) What is Recycled?
2) What happens to #1
3) Recreation of what occurs?
4) Adequate pool of Vit A needed to form what?
5) What happens with inadequate amounts of #4?

Back 21

1) Vit A
2) Converted back to orignal form (trans retinal to cis-retinal)
3) Rhodospin, vision cycle contiues
4) Rhodospin
5) Affects vision

Front 22

Vitamin A in Vision (Retinal):
1) Vit A needed in retina to do what?
2) If pool of Vit A needed for dark adaptation is deficient what occurs?
3) Decrease in rhodopsin allows what?
4) Increase in rhodopsin allows what?

Back 22

1) turn visual light into nerve signal to brain
2) night blindness
3) allows eyes to adapt to bright light
4) allows improved vision in dark

Front 23

Function of Vit A (Retinoids)-Immune Function:
1) Individuals with deficiency are more susceptible to what?
2) What happens with High-dose therapy of Vit A
3) Vit A helps maintain what?
4) Vit A helps maintain healthy cells in what?
5) Without Vitamin A what happens?

Back 23

1) disease
2) immune response
3) immune response
4) Epithelium Barrier and Mucous Membranes
5) the normal structure and function of the cells in the mucous membranes are impared and cells with deteriorate

Front 24

Vitamin A and Your Skin:
1) Sources?
2) Treats?
3) Use only under the supervision of a ?
4) Can introduce what?
5) Not recommended for?

Back 24

1) Accutane (oral drug) and Retin- A (topical)
2) Acne, psoriasis
3) Physician
4) toxicity symptoms
5) pregnant women

Front 25

Functions of Vit A-Carotenoids:
1) Hundreds of carotenoids, what are some examples in class?
2) Studies indicate diet high in cartenoid rich F&V may decrease?
3) Possibly acts as what?
4) Benefits not shown with what?

Back 25

1) Beta carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin, lycopene
2) Risk of eye disease, cancers and CVD
3) Antioxidant
4) Supplementation

Front 26

Vitamin A Deficiency Disease:
1) Major Public Health Problem in what?

Back 26

1) Developing countries

Front 27

Vitamin A Deficiency Disease-Xerophtalmia:
1) Dryness of?
2) Results from?
3) Major Cause of what?

Back 27

1) cornea, eye membrane
2) vitamin deficiency
3) blindness

Front 28

Vitamin A Deficiency Disease-Follicular Hyperkeratosis:
1) Symptoms?

Back 28

1) Skin disorder with rough, snady textured skin

Front 29

Xerophthalmia:
1) Know three orders of occurance?
2) WHO healthy strategies?

Back 29

1) a. Nightblindness: child cannot see in dim light
b. conjunctival dryness: roughness, wrinkles in white part, which are usually wet and shiny
c. corneal lesions: clear part of eye is damaged blindness, irreversible
2) combin withamin with immunizations, high dose supplementation to new mothers, provide general supplementations, food fortifications

Front 30

Vit A Toxicity-Hypervitaminosis A:
1) Due to what?
2) Is what three things?

Back 30

1) Long-term supplement use (5-10x RDA)
2) Acute, Chronic, Teratogenic

Front 31

Vit A Toxicity-Acute:
1) Due To?
2) Symptoms?
3) Symptoms disappear when?

Back 31

1) Large doses of A (within short period)
2) Intestinal upset, headache, blurred vision, muscular incoordination
3) Supplements stopped

Front 32

Vit A Toxicity-Chronic:
1) Due to?
2) Symptoms?
3) Symptoms disappear when?

Back 32

1) Large doses of A over time, repeatedly
2) Joint pain, loss of appetite, skin disorders, headache
3) Over time

Front 33

Vit A Toxicity-Teratogenic:
1) Causes what?

Back 33

1) Birth Defects, miscarriage

Front 34

Vitamin D:
1) What kind of Vitamin?
2) Sources?
3) What kind of Products?
4) Made by the what?

Back 34

1) "conditional" vitamin or prohormone (precurser to active hormone)
2) A few animal seafood: salmon, shrimp, herring, and cod liver oil
3) Fortified in dairy products and cereals
4) Skin

Front 35

Vit D:
1) AI for Women?
2) AI for Men?
3) Daily Value?

Back 35

1) 5 micrograms
2) 5 micrograms
3) 10 micrograms

Front 36

Vit D Formation in Skin:
1) Skin contains precurser of?
2) Sunlight reactions with precurser, changes to do what?
3) Requirements?
4) Limitations ?(4)

Back 36

1) Vit D
2) to inactive form of Vit D
3) Sunlight 2-3 times a week for 10-15 minutes (up to 100% of needs can be met)
4) a. Age (older-percurser, we have less)
b. Sunscreen (bloacks ability to form Vit D)
c. Skin color (darker pigment limits Vit D)
d. geographic location, season

Front 37

Absorption of Vit D:
1) Absorbed with what?

Back 37

1) dietary fat in small intestine or made in body

Front 38

Transportation of Vit D:
1) Transported where?
2) Bound to a?
3) Stored in?
4) Liver makes?
5) Kidneys need regulation from?
6) Kidneys make?

Back 38

1) Blood Stream
2) Protein
3) Fat or goes back to liver based on body needs
4) inactive form, can circulatein blood stream for weeks
5) Parathyroid hormone
6) active form (calcitriol), induces vit D functions

Front 39

Vita D is excreted by?

Back 39

small amount in urine and bile

Front 40

What are the 3 Steps of Vit D to becoming Calcitriol?

Back 40

1) Becomes a Prohormone (Made from cholesterol)
2) Changed by liver
3) Actived by kidney
4) now functions as a hormone "calcitriol"

Front 41

Functions of Vit D-Bone Health:
1) What homeostasis?
2) Aid in increasing?
3) Aid in releasing?
4) Increases calcium retention by the what?

Back 41

1) Calcium and phosphorus
2) absorption from food
3) calcium from bone, if necessary or depositing calcium in bone
4) kidney

Front 42

Functions of Vit D-Immune Function:
1) Observation studies have shown what?

Back 42

1) more research is needed

Front 43

Low Blood Calcium Level:
1) Inc Production of What?
2) #1 Does what to the bones
3) #1 Does what to the kidneys
4) #3 Does what to the small intestines
5) #2, #3, and #4 result in what?

Back 43

1) PTH production
2) Release of calcium and phosphorus from Bone
3) a. Decrease calcium excretion
b. Increased synthesis of 1.25(OH)2 vitamin D3 in kidney
4) Increased calcium absorption in small intestine
5) Normal blood calcium level

Front 44

High Blood Calcium Level:
1) Increased what synthesis?
2) #1 Does what to the bones?
3) Result of #2?

Back 44

1) calcitonin synthesis
2) increase deposit of calcium in bone
3) normal blood calcium level

Front 45

Deficiency: Rickets, Osteomalacis:
1) Children?
2) Adulsts?
3) Three symptomes of Osteomalacia?

Back 45

1) Rickets, improper bone formation
2) Osteomalacia-poorly formed new bone (weak, soft)
3) a. dark skin
b. kidney failure
c. limited UV

Front 46

Vitamin D Toxicity:
1) Do not occur from what?
2) Occur from what?
3) Risk in toxicity from?
4) What is hypercalcemia?
5) What is the upper limit?

Back 46

1) sunlight
2) supplementation
3) pills
4) high calcium levels in blood, deposit in soft tiddue, damaging
5) 50 micrograms a day

Front 47

1) Vit E-Food Sources?
2) What are not good sources of Vit-E?

Back 47

1) a) vegetable oils
b) wheat germ
c) whole grains
d) seeds
e) nuts
2) animal fats

Front 48

Vit E:
1) Women RDA?
2) Men RDA?
3) Daily Value?

Back 48

1) 15 mg
2) 15 mg
3) 30 UI

Front 49

Absorption and Transportation of Vit E:
1) Occurs in?
2) Transported from?
3) Does not have what?
4) Stored in?

Back 49

1) Micelles, chylomicrons
2) Transported liver via lipoproteins
3) transport protein
4) adipose tissue

Front 50

Excretion of Vit E?

Back 50

in bile, urine, and skin

Front 51

Vit E Functions:
1) Antioxidant?
2) What are free radicals
3) Vit E reduces what?

Back 51

1) Vit E stops damage done by free radicals
2) Unstable compounds with unpaired electrons, e donate electrons to radical (now stable)
3) Oxidative stress-damage to proteins, lipids and DNA caused by free radicals

Front 52

Vit E as an Antioxidant:
1) Vit E acts in?
2) Lipid peroxidation-rx does what?
3)Vit E stops what?
4) Smoking leads to what?

Back 52

1)lipid rich areas of body
2) breaks apart FA's, creates free radical, chain reaction
3) chain reactions, protects lipids in body
4) oxidative stress and poluttion, aging, too much cellular damage leads to cancer, and cell death

Front 53

Vit E:
1) Vit E is one of many?
2) Possible that combination of antioxidants is what?
3) Diversify antioxidant intake with?
4) Megadose of one antioxidant may do what?
5) Supplement of vit E for CVD is what?

Back 53

1) antioxidant, ex: phytochemicals, SOD, and Catalase
2) effective
3) balanced and varied diet
4) interfere with action of another
5) Questionable

Front 54

Vit E Diseases:
1) What is the Rare Deficiencies?
2) Toxicities interfere with?
3) Upper Limit?

Back 54

1) Hemolytic anemia, RBC broken down faster than they can be replaced; rare in adults, preterm babies given Vit E
2) Vit K, may cause hemorrhaging
3) 1,000mg natural sources
1,100 IU synthetic sources

Front 55

Vit K:
1) Sources?
2) Small amounts in?
3) 3 examples?
4) What is not shortening?
5) Bacteria where make Vit K?
6) 10% of what is absorbed?

Back 55

1) Broccoli, Kale (547 ug) per cup, and green beans
2) Cereal, fruits, meats and nuts
3) Soybean, olive, canola
4) Margarine
5) GI
6) Menaquinones

Front 56

Vit K:
1) Women AI?
2) Men AI?
3) Daily Valye?

Back 56

1) 90 micrograms
2) 120 micrograms
3) 80 micrograms

Front 57

Absorption and Transportation of Vit K:
1) Absorbed where?
2) Made into?
3) Travels in?
4) Transported via?
5) Stored in?

Back 57

1) small intestines
2) chylomicrons
3) lymphatic system
4) lipoproteins
5) liver

Front 58

Excretion of Vit K?

Back 58

Primarily bile, small amount in urine

Front 59

Functions of Vit K:
1) Needed for synthesis of?
2) For bones, synthesis of what?
3) For bones, low intake is associated with?

Back 59

1) blood clotting factors
2) proteins that bind to calcium
3) increase risk of hip fractures (30% inc in older women)

Front 60

Vit K-Risk of Defeciency:
1) Antibiotic therapy does what?
2) What king of diet can produce a deficiency?
3) What about newborns?

Back 60

1) disrupt making of vit by bacteria in colon
2) fat free diet (or absorption problems)
3) hemmorrhagic disease of newborn (shot at birth)

Front 61

Vit K-Toxicity:
1) What can cause a risk of toxicity?
2) No What?
3) Who should watch vit K intake?

Back 61

1) synthetic forms at high doses can be toxic and juandice
2) UL
3) anticoagulant therapy patients

Front 62

Vitamin/ Mineral Supplementation:
1) No more than what % of DV?
2) What certification should you look for?
3) Diet should not exceed the what?
4) Check for?

Back 62

1) 100%
2) USP (united states pharmacopeia)
3) ULs
4) superfluous ingredients

Front 63

Water Soluble Vitamins:
1) Storage in?
2) Easily destroyed by?
3) Functions?
4) 2 functions of #3?
5) Sources?
6) 2 things to note about 5?

Back 63

1) in body minimal
2) cooking
3) many, coenzymes
4) a. utilized in energy conversion
b. activated by digestion
5) varies, grains
6) a. important sources of vit B
b. enriched grains vs whole grains

Front 64

6 Vitamins for Energy metabolism?

Back 64

1) Thiamin
2) riboflavin
3) Niacin
4) Pantothenic acid
5) Biotin
6) Vit B-12

Front 65

4 Vitamins for Bone Health?

Back 65

1) Vit A
2) Vit D
3) Vit K
4) Vit C

Front 66

2 Vitamins for Gene Expression

Back 66

1) Vit A
2) Vit D

Front 67

4 Vitamins for Antioxidant Defenses?

Back 67

1) Vit E
2) Vit C (likely)
3) Carotenoids
4) Riboflavin (indirect)

Front 68

6 Vitamins for Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism?

Back 68

1) Vit B-6
2) Folate
3) Vit B-12
4) Vit C
5) Choline (not a true vitamin)
6) Riboflavin (indirect)

Front 69

4 Vitamins for Blood formation and clotting?

Back 69

1) Vit B-6
2) Vit B-12
3) Folate
4) Vitamin K

Front 70

4 Vitamins for Blood formation and clotting?

Back 70

1) Vit B-6
2) Vit B-12
3) Folate
4) Vitamin K

Front 71

Why keep fruits and vegetables cool until eaten?

Back 71

Enzymes in fruits and vegetables begin to degrade vitamins once they are harvested. chilling limits this process

Front 72

Why Refigerate fruits and vegetables (except bananas, onions, potatoes, and tomatoes) in moisture-proof, airtight containers or in the vegetable drawer?

Back 72

Nutrients keep best at temperatures near freezing, at high humidity, and away from air

Front 73

Why trim peel and cut fruits and vegetables minimally-just enough to remove inedible parts?

Back 73

Oxygen breaks down vitamins faster when more of the food surface is exposed. Whenever possible, cook fruits and vegetables in their skins

Front 74

Why microwave, steam, or stir-fry vegetables?

Back 74

more nutirents are retained when there is less contact with water and a shorter cooking time

Front 75

Why minimize cooking time?

Back 75

Prolonged cooking (slow simmering) and reheating reduce vitamin content

Front 76

Why avoid adding fats to vegetables during cooking if you plan to discard the liquid?

Back 76

Fat solunle vitamins will be lost in discarded fat. If you want to add fats, do so after vegetables are fully cooked and drained

Front 77

Why do you not add baking soda to vegetables to enhance the green color?

Back 77

alkalinity destroys Vit D, thiamin, and other vitamins

Front 78

Why store canned and froxen fruits and vegetables carefully?

Back 78

To protect canned foods, store them in a cool, dry location. To protect froxen foods, store them at 0 def F or colder. Eat within 12 months

Front 79

Common Role of B's:
1) All form what?
2) All participate in what?
3) Inc in physical activity can what?
4) In foods, B Bound to what?
5) Can only absorb what?

Back 79

1) coenzymes
2) energy metabolism
3) drive needs higher
4) protein or in coenzyme form
5) unbound form

Front 80

Grains and B's:
1) Whole grains great source of?
2) Processed, refined leave only?
3) Grains have enerichment of some?
4) Leaves lack in what?
5) What happens when you process grains?

Back 80

1) B's
2) endosperm (starch)
3) B
4) B (fiber)
5) you take of germ and bran so you can perserve them

Front 81

Thiamin, B1:
1) Foods?
2) RDA for Men and Women?
3) Who meets needs?
4) No what?
5) Absorbed where?
6) Transported by?
7) DV?

Back 81

1) pork, sunflower seeds and legumes
2) 1.2 mg/day men, 1,1 mg/day women
3) Average North American
4) UL
5) Small intestines
6) RBC for storage and excretion
7) 1.5 mg

Front 82

Thiamin:
1) Functions?
2) Required for?
3) Role in where?
4) 2 functions of #3?

Back 82

1) co-enzyme: thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP)
2) carbohydrate, some AA reactions
3) CNS
4) a. part of nerve impulse conduction and voluntary muscle action
b. synthesis of some neurotransmitters

Front 83

Thiamin:
What are the three reasons for deficiency?

Back 83

1) Inadequate intake: some counteries-polished rice is not enriched
2) Alcoholism
3) Antivitamin factors increase a persons chance for defeciency

Front 84

Thiamin Defiency-
1) 2 Causes for Wernicke-Korsakoff?
2) Sympotoms of Wernicke-Korsakoff?
3) What is Beriberi?

Back 84

1) a. alcohol use: impairs absorption, increase extretion in urine
b. poor diet
2) Changes in vision, muscle incoordination, impaired mental function
3) When an average person and not an alcoholic has thiamin deficiency it is called Beriberi

Front 85

Anti-thiamin Factors:
1) Thiaminases?
2) Type I?
3) Type II?

Back 85

1) enzyme that cleave thiamin and inactivate it
2) fish, shellfish, ferns and come bacteria. Heat inactivated
3) Tea and coffee (inc decaffeinated); chewing tea leaves and betel nuts

Front 86

Dry Ber-beri:
1) Affects
2) Atropy of?
3) 5 peripheral neuropathy?
4) Signs of deficiency in?

Back 86

1) nervous and muscular system
2) legs
3) a. loss of nerve transmission
b. nerve degeneration
c. burning feet syndrome
d. weakness/poor coordination
e. muscle pain and tenderness
4) 14 days

Front 87

Wet Beri-beri:
1) Affects?
2) Symptoms?
3) 4 Cardiac involvements?
4) Beriberi stans for?
5) Who is most likely to get Wet Beri Beri?

Back 87

1) Cardiovascular sys, nervous sys, and muscular system
2) neurologic
3) a. enlargement and edema
b. rapid heart rate
c. difficult breathing
d. congestive heart failure
4) hot feet
5) Older individuals

Front 88

Riboflavin B2-Food sources:
1) Sources?
2) Don't buy milk with?
3) Sensitive to what?

Back 88

1) a. dairy
b. green vegetables
-broccoli
-leafy greens
-avocado
c. enriched grains or whole grains bread/cereal
d. liver
2) glass because the UV will break riboflavin down
3) sun light

Front 89

Riboflavin B2:
1) RDA for men and women?
2) Who meets needs?
3) Absorbtion by?
4) Transport via?
5) Storage in?
6) Excretition as?
7) DV?
8) No what?

Back 89

1) 1.3 mg/day men and 1.1 mg/day women
2) Average North AMerican
3) HCL releases and Small Intestines
4) Protein carriers
5) Small amounts
6) bright yellow urine
7) 1.7 mg
8) UL

Front 90

chic

Back 90

schick

Front 91

Functions-Oxidation/Reduction:
1) Accepts what?
2) Shuttles what?

Back 91

1) hydrogen/electrons
2) hydrogens/electons to electron transport system

Front 92

Riboflavin Deficiency:
1) 3 Symptoms of Ariboflavinosis?
2) 3 causes Bad diets seen after 2 months?

Back 92

1) a. glossitis
b. inflammation of throat/ mouth
c. Cheilosis
2) a. alcohol problems
b. advanced age
c. low income

Front 93

Niacin Food Sources?

Back 93

1) legumes
2) mushrooms
3) grains (fortified and whole)
4) liver, veal, lamb, pork, poultry, and fish

Front 94

Niacin:
1) RDA for Men and Women?
2) DV?
3) What abotu US intake?

Back 94

1) 16 mg/day for men
14 mg/day for women
2) 35 mg/day, applies only to sumpplements and fortification
3) exceeds RDA, mostly because of tryptophan intake

Front 95

Deficiency Pellagra:
1) Who is at risk?
2) Occurs?
3) Epidemic in US prior to?
4) Characterized by what?
5) Prevented by?

Back 95

1) a. Corn as diet staple because vitamin bound protein treat in lime water to release and corn is low in tryptophan
b. poor diets: small amounts of food and same food
c. alcoholics
2) 50-60 days , 2 months or less
3) 1941
4) 4 D's: diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death
5) Adequate protein

Front 96

Vit B6:
1) Stored in?
2) Sources?
3) RDA?
4) UL?
5) If you go over the UL what happens?

Back 96

1) in muscle tissue of animals
2) whole grains, fortified cereals, legumes, vegetables
3) 1.3 mg/day men and 1/7 mg/day men
4) 100mg day
5) permanent nerve damage

Front 97

Vit B-6:
1) Functions? (2)
2) Deficiency is?
3) Deficiency cause microcytic hypochromic anemia (2)?

Back 97

1) a. Metabolism-PLP coenzyme involved in amino acid metabolism
b. synthesis of compounds-heme, neutrotransmitters, vitamins
2) rare
3) a. small, pale RBC
b. reduced oxygen carrying ability

Front 98

3 Pharmacological use of Vit B-6?

Back 98

1) Carpal tunnel syndrome
2) PMS (no signifiicant benefit)
3) Nausea during pregranxy

Front 99

Folate (Folic Acid): Food Sources

Back 99

Green leafy
Oranges
Pinto Beans
Asparagus
Fresh Produce
Fortified Cereals

Front 100

Folate:
1) RDA?***
2) UL (2)?
3) Stored in?

Back 100

1) 400 ug/day
2) a. May mask B-12 deficiency
b. concern is with syntheic sources
c. stored in liver

Front 101

Folate Functions:
1) Functions? (2)
2) Recycled after use? (3)
3) Deficiency?

Back 101

1) a. DNA synthesis-transfers single carbon groups
b. Amino acid metabolism-accpets single carbon groups
2) a. reguire b12
b. if B12 status low there will not be enough folic acid for normal functions
c. symptoms of folic acid defiency result
3) anemia megalobastic anemia

Front 102

Neural Tube Defects:
1) What causes it?
2) All women capable of getting pregnant are what?
3) Current fortificant yields what?

Back 102

1)Maternal deficiency of folate plus genetic predisposition-oral contraceptives can deplete folate status
2)urged to take in 400 ug of folic acid
3) about 200 ug of folic acid daily

Front 103

Vitamin B-12 Cobalamin:
1) Foods?
2) RDA?
3) AI?
4) UL?
5) Bound to?
6) Released by?
7) Free vitamin binds with?

Back 103

1) Animal products
2) 2.4 ug/day
3) 2-3 times RDA
4) none
5) protein in foods, HCL and pepsin free vitamin in stomach--then bind to R-protein
6) pancreatic lipase in small intestine
7) intrinsic factor* if needed for absorption

Front 104

Vitamin B-12 Cobalamin:
1) Foods?
2) RDA?
3) AI?
4) UL?
5) Bound to?
6) Released by?
7) Free vitamin binds with?

Back 104

1) Animal products
2) 2.4 ug/day
3) 2-3 times RDA
4) none
5) protein in foods, HCL and pepsin free vitamin in stomach--then bind to R-protein
6) pancreatic lipase in small intestine
7) intrinsic factor* if needed for absorption

Front 105

Absorbing B12:
1) 4 steps
2) Population at risk
3) Low stomach acid or lack of intrinsic factor can do what?

Back 105

1) a. acid breaks off protein
b. binds to R-protein
c. small intestine: intrinsic factor binds B12
d. Transported in blood stream, stored in liver
2) children, vegan, elderkly, people without intrinsic factors
3) decrease B12 absorpption. supplements or shots help

Front 106

B-12:
1) 3 Functions
2) High level of homocysteine have what?
3) Large amounts of homocysteine do what?

Back 106

1) a. maintains myelin sheath
b. recycles folate
c. helps make homocysteine into another amino acid
2) CVD
3) B12 deficiency

Front 107

B12-Deficiency:
1) Megaloblastic anemia?
2) Pernicious anemia? (4)
3) Homocysteine?
4) At risk for deficiencies? (3)

Back 107

1) Large immature
2) a. found in elderly who are b12 deficient
b. nerve degeneration, weakness
c. paralysis and death
d. caused by lack of IF
3) high levels associated with CVD
4) a. elderly
b. atropic gastritis
c. malabsorption (monthly injection, nasal gel, oral doses help)

Front 108

Vit C-Ascrobic Acid:
1) RDA?**
2) Smokers need?
3) UL?

Back 108

1) 90 mg/day mwn 75 mg/day
2) smokers need an additional 35 mg/day because of oxidative stress
3) 2 grams

Front 109

Vit C:
1) Functions?
2) Deficiency?

Back 109

1) a. antioxidant activity
b. collagen synthesis
c. synthesis of other vital compounds
d. iron absorption
e. immune funciton
2) helps inc our immune functions
Scurvy-found on sea due to lack of vit C

Front 110

1) What are free radicals?
2) What three things can remove an electron from the molecule?

Back 110

1)in stable molecules without a pair of electrons
2) a. natrual metabolism
b. stress
c. environmental pollution

Front 111

Free Radicals:
1) The free radical steals?
2) 2 effects of #1?
3) Results (3)?

Back 111

1) an electron from another molecule
2) a. creates a new free radical
b. sets off a chain reaction that repeats a million times each day unless stopped by an antioxidant
3) a. damage to cell membrane
b. damage DNA
c. If not checked, make body suseptible to cancer and heart disease

Front 112

Free Radicals-Antioxidants?
1) Antioxidant have a what?
2) By stabilizing free radicals in this way, stopping them from what?

Back 112

1) molecular structure that enables them to surrender electrons to free radicals
2) stopping them in their tracks, antioxidants prevent them from potentially doing further harm to your health

Front 113

Symptoms of Scurvy:
1) Deficient in?
2) Due to poor?
3) 2 symptoms?

Back 113

1) Vit C
2) Poor collagen structure
-Bleeding gums
-skin hemmorhages
-Easy bruising
-impaired wound/fracture healing
-joint pain
-loose teeth
3) anemi and mental symptoms