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134 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Essential nutrient
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Needed by the body for normal functioning
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Non essential nutrient
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Can be synthesized by body from other compounds may also be derived from diet
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The seven nutrients
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Proteins, fatty acids, carbohydrates, fiber, vitamins, minerals, water
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What are examples of macronutrients? |
Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, water and macrominerals |
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Fat energy yielding |
Fats yield 9 kilocalories of energy per 1 gram consumed |
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how much protein and carbs yield kcal per gram?
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Yield 4 kcal per gram consumed
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how much water yield kcal
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1 milliliter / kcal of energy expended or about 2500 milliliters a day
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How much essential amino acids do we get? |
They are not synthesized by the body, it is only provided by diet, 9 of the 20 amino acids are essential |
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How much essential fatty acids do we need? And what do they maintain |
6% to 10% of fat intake 5 to 10 grams a day , decreased triglyceride levels and growth rate of atherosclerosis plaque |
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Saturated fatty acids and their sources |
dense heavy solid at room temperature, found in dairy products and meat |
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Unsaturated fatty acids and their sources |
Found in vegetables, corn, soy, peanuts, safflower, its liquid at room temperature |
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Cholesterol
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Natural lipid found in cell membranes, highest concentration in animal muscles and organs, essential for certain cell structures, too much cholesterol can form atherosclerosis plaque that leads to cardiovascular disease
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How much energy do we get from carbs? What are carbohydrates and it's uses? |
Provides two thirds of daily energy needs, aid in fat metabolism and reserve protein for uses such as repairing and building tissues |
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Carbohydrate / simple sugars
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Quickly absorbed, found in fruits some vegetables milk and table sugars
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Complex carbohydrates in the body. Where are complex carbs found? |
Processed by the body before absorption, found in grains, fruits and vegetables |
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What are glucose in the muscles?
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Glucose is a form of sugar found in the muscles, and the liver, as glycogen, and also known as starch
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What happens if you have too much carbohydrates
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Excess carbohydrates are stored in the body as adipose tissue / fat
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What are the roles of blood glucose
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The central nervous system requires a constant supply of glucose to function properly, sustained low blood glucose levels, can be caused by excessively low intake of carbohydrates can result in brain damage and death
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Fiber
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A complex carbohydrate.
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What is a soluble fiber? Where is it found? |
a carbohydrate that absorbs water and swells, these are found in oats, fruits, and vegetable |
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Insoluble fiber and it's source |
Not absorbed by the body, its found in brand of whole wheat, brown rice, and provides bulking of stool and also stimulates peristalsis |
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Water soluble vitamins
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Vitamin B and vitamin C
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Fat soluble vitamins
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Vitamins A, D, E, & K
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What happens if you have insufficient vitamins and micro nutrients |
Can cause bio chemical alterations changes in the structure of functions of tissues and organs and cause diseases |
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thiamine source and function in the body |
B1, Comes from whole grains, wheat germ, lean meats, fish, beans, it's important in carbohydrate metabolic process |
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riboflavin sources and function |
B2, comes from dairy and liver, important metabolism of fat carbohydrates and proteins |
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what is nicotinamide used for?
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B3, includes hepatic impairment, severe hypotension, and various skin condition
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what are the effects of high dosage of niacin?
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Decreases blood levels of low-density-lipo-protein(LDL), cholesterol and triglyceride levels that causes cardiovascular disease and increases high density lipo protein, only used under physicians order for this purpose
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Where does thiamine come from?
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B1 vitamims that comes from whole grains, wheat germ, lean meats, fish, beans, and other beans
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Where does riboflavin come from?
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B2, comes from dairy, and liver
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What is riboflavin |
Vitamin b2 |
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What is nicotinamide |
vitamin b3 |
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What is pantothenic acid |
Vitamin b5 |
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What is pyridoxine |
Vitamin b6 |
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Where can Pyridoxine B6 be found? What is it used for? |
-Animal and plant products -it is used for preventing neuritis, hyperemesis gravidarum, nausea during pregnancy |
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B vitamin biotin |
Available widely in many foods, no known toxicity, made by natural flora in intestines |
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Where can B vitamin folate found? |
Dark green leafy vegetables
Aids in creation of DNA, hemogoblin synthesis, and amino acid synthesis |
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What if u don't have enough folate |
Folic acid deficiency causes anemia |
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What is Cobalamin? Where can it be found? |
Cobalamin is vitamin B12,
Found in fish, dairy, organ, meats, eggs
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What is vitamin B folate used for? |
Creation of DNA, hemoglobin production, and amino acid synthesis |
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What does cobalamin promote, B12 |
Promotes normal cell function, especially blood formation and cell function |
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Deficiency of B12 in elderly |
Blocks absorption of B12 leading to pernicious anemia |
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Where is choline found? |
Milk, eggs, liver, and peanuts |
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What is important about choline |
Needed to produce acetylcholine, for neurotransmitters involved in memory and muscle control |
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What if you don't have enough choline |
Deficiency is linked to Huntington's chorea, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease |
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What if you have too much choline? |
Excess doses may lower blood pressure, cause fishy odor, sweating, and excessive salivation, and reduced growth rate |
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Vitamin C source |
Found and capsicums, guava, Kiwi, citrus. |
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What is vitamin C used for |
Aids wound healing, tissue repair, infection resistance, iron bioavailability, and calcium absorption and cataracs |
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What if you don't have enough vitamin C |
Causes scurvy |
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What if you have too much vitamin C |
Causes diarrhea and gastritis, and reduces copper levels |
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Vitamin C and cataracts |
The use of vitamin C for 10 years or more years is associated with 77 to 83% lower prevalence of early to moderate cataracts |
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Retinol/vitamin A sources |
Fish, liver oil, butter, egg yolk, liver |
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Retinol/ vitamin A function |
Carotene is converted to vitamin A in the body |
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What is vitamin A, and its uses! |
Retinol, aids tissue maintenance, skeletal and soft tissue growth, protein synthesis, vision |
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What if you don't have enough vitamin A |
May cause night blindness |
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What if you have too much vitamins A |
Toxicity by hair loss, juandice, joint pain, liver injury |
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Over consumption of vitamins or minerals |
Stopping in mediately can trigger a deficiency, a patient must allow the body to adjust by cutting back the amount of vitamins absorbed |
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What is another name for vitamin d3 |
Cholecalciferol |
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D3 sources |
Yeast, fish liver oil |
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Cholecalciferol, vitamin d3 function in the body? |
Made by the body in response to UV light, then activated by cholesterol to become calcitriol |
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What does vitamin D3 stimulate? |
Stimulates calcium and phosphorus absorption |
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What if you don't have enough vitamin D3? |
Deficiency causes rickets, osteomalacia, osteoporosis |
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What if you have too much vitamin D3, cholecalciferol |
Toxicity can occur in children |
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What is another name for vitamin E |
Tocopherol vitamin E |
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Vitamin E sources |
Found in vegetable oils, nuts, fortified cereals |
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What is the use of vitamin E, in the body |
Protect breakdown of red blood cells |
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What if there's not enough vitamin E |
Deficiency can occur in premature infants who miss final 1 to 2 months of gestation |
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What if you have too much vitamin E |
May interfere with vitamin K and blood clotting |
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Vitamin k1 |
Phylloquinone, dietary form, given to newborns to prevent hemorrhage when the umbilical cord is cut |
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Vitamin k2 |
Menaquinone, is synthesized by intestinal bacteria |
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Vitamin K sources |
Found in green leafy vegetable |
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Functions of vitamin K in the body |
Aids blood clotting and bone development |
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What is vitamin K used for |
Antidote for overdose of anticoagulants |
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Trade names for vitamin K shot |
AquaMephyton, Mephyton, Phytonadione |
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Vitamin C and mineral interactions with iron |
Vitamin C can increase iron absorption as much as 30% |
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Vitamin D and calcium interactions |
Insufficient vitamin D intake hinders the uptake of calcium |
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Vitamin E and mineral interactions |
Too much vitamin E can interfere with iron absorption |
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Vitamin B6 and mineral interactions |
Vitamin B6 is required to metabolize magnesium and zinc |
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Major minerals |
More than 100 milligrams a day, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium, chlorine |
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Minor minerals |
Essential trade minerals less than 100 milligrams a day, iron, iodene, fluoride, zinc, chromium, selenium, manganese, molybdenum, and copper |
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Calcium sources |
Milk, cheese, salmon, green leafy vegetables, whole grain |
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Functions of calcium in the body |
Aids bone formation, nerve conduction, myocardial and skeletal muscle contraction |
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What vitamin is needed to absorb calcium? |
Dependent on vitamin D |
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What if you don't have enough calcium? |
Deficiency causes rickets, osteomalacia, osteoporosis |
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Phosphorus source |
Found in milk, cheese, legumes, beef, fish, and pork |
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Uses of phosphorus in the body |
Needed for bone and tooth formation, energy, storage of fats, metabolism of other nutrients |
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What happens if you don't have enough phosphorus |
Bones become brittle, can cause anemia, confusion, and weakness |
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What is the use of sodium in the body |
Needed for fluid balance, and acid base balance, regulates nerve transmission and cell membrane irritability |
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What happens if you don't have enough sodium in the body |
Deficiency may cause headache, confusion, weakness, nausea, anxiety, muscle spasms, and hypotension |
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Potassium sources |
Can be found in oranges, banana, red meats, vegetables, yams, milk products, and coffee |
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Functions of potassium in the body |
Helps maintain normal cardiac and muscle function |
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What happens if you don't have enough potassium |
Can cause weakness, paralysis, cardiac arrhythmias, and digitalis toxicity |
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What happens if you have too much potassium? |
Too much may produce muscle weakness diarrhea, severe dehydration, abdominal pain, hypotension, and cardiac arrest |
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Magnesium sources |
Green leafy vegetables, whole grains, and legumes |
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What is the function of magnesium in the body? |
It stimulates muscle contraction and nerve transmission, activates enzymes, and aids in bone formation |
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What if you have too much magnesium |
Too much or too little may cause tetany, convulsions, or muscle spasms |
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Chlorine sources |
Table salts, meat, milk, processed foods |
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What is the function of chlorine inside the body? |
It is a major electrolyte that aids acid / base balance and fluid balance |
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What are essential trace nutrients? |
These are called microminerals, only less than 100 milligrams per day are required |
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What are the types of essential trace minerals? |
They are iron, iodene, fluoride, zinc, chromium, selenium, manganese, molybdenum, and copper |
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Iron sources |
Meat, eggs, vegetables, cereals |
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What are the functions of iron in the body? |
Aids in synthesis of hemoglobin and general metabolism |
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What if you don't have enough iron? |
Causes anemia |
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What if you have too much iron? |
Can be fatal especially on children and it is a leading cause of poisoning in the United States, it causes nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and it will result in brain, kidney, liver, and heart damage |
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Iodine source |
Found in iodized table salt, seafood |
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What are the functions of iodine, in the body |
Iodine help synthesize thyroxine to control body's basal metabolism rate |
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What if you don't have enough iodine in the body? |
Deficiency can cause goiter, cretinism, and myxedema |
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What if you have too much iodine |
Excess intake causes acne light skin lesions or worsen acne |
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What is cretinism |
Occurs in children born to mothers who had limited iodine intake during adolescence and pregnancy. |
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What are the effects of cretinism |
Retardation of physical and mental development |
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Zinc source |
Meat |
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What is the function of zinc in the body |
Important for growth periods. |
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What happens if you don't have enough zinc in the body? |
Deficiency can cause retarded physical growth such as dwarfism and retarded sexual maturation, poor wound healing, hair loss, diarrhea, skin irritation |
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Fluoride sources |
Fish, tea |
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What is the function of fluoride in the body? |
Flouride helps the teeth by strengthening tooth's ability to withstand bacterial corrosion |
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Copper sources |
Liver, seafood, nuts, seeds, legumes, and grains |
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What is the function of copper in the body? |
Aids energy production and hemoglobin synthesis |
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What happens if you have too much copper? |
Increase intake is recommended for pregnant or lactating women to meet increased needs but too much can cause Wilson's disease causing excess storage of copper in the body that can result in liver and nerve damage |
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When are the nutritional needs of infants increased? |
First year |
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Nutrition during pregnancy |
25 to 30 pound weight gain recommended |
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What is cachexia? |
A syndrome that is caused by malnutrition and a disturbance in glucose and fat metabolism |
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Who acquires cachexia? |
People with poor health and AIDS or cancer |
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What is enternal nutrition |
It is used by patients with functioning GI tract and it is administered through a tube that replaces oral feeding |
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What is parenteral nutrition? |
Indicated for patients who require intensive protein and caloric support and who are unable or unwilling to take oral supplementation it is administered through IV |
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What happens when food and drugs are mix in the stomach |
Food helps bind the drugs into the GI tract, it alters the dissolution rate of drugs and alters the pH of the GI contents, drugs can affect mineral or vitamin metabolism or absorption, and also suppress appetite |
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What are the benefits of additives? |
Facilitate food processing and preservation, enhance restorative or stimulating properties of food, control natural contaminants |
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How are additives control these days |
They are strictly regulated because reported health problems related to additives have been trivial and largely anecdotal |
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Herbal supplements |
A herbal supplement may be defined as any mixture of ingredients based on plant sources and design for the improvement of health or treatment of a certain condition |
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What are herbal supplements considered as by the FDA |
Food products not drugs |
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Before using herbal supplements a patient must.... |
Consult their physician. |
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Herbal supplements are not.... |
Regulated by the FDA and there is no verification of their quality, effectiveness, or quantity of ingredients they contain |
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What is complementary and alternative medicine / C.A.M. |
Involves different healing systems and therapies, which includes herbal therapy, nutritional supplements, and special diets |
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The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act, DSHEA of 1994 |
Attempted to regulate herbal supplements, this Act requires manufacturers to label these products as dietary supplements. dietary supplements are defined as products that are intended to enhance or supplement the diet |
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The dietary supplement and nonprescription drugs Consumer Protection Act of 2007 |
This Act required that manufacturers must include contact information on product labels for consumers so that they can report adverse effects of products, manufacturers must inform the FDA of such occurrences within 15 days of receiving a consumer complaint |
