Nutrition And Metabolism

Front 1

The majority of the food we eat is used to;

Back 1

Synthesize ATP

Front 2

T/F: The body can break down and remake any nutrient molecule as required

Back 2

False

Front 3

A consumable substance that promotes normal growth, maintenance and repair

Back 3

Nutrient

Front 4

What are the three major nutrients?

Back 4

1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins

Front 5

Other nutrients that aren't main are?

Back 5

Vitamins, Minerals and water

Front 6

Amino acids are converted to:

Back 6

Glucose

Front 7

Digestion of protein molecules by the GI tract is a form of ___________ whereas building new protein molecules in the liver is a form of ___________

Back 7

Catabolism, Anabolism

Front 8

Organic compounds needed for growth and good health

Back 8

Vitamins

Front 9

-Help the body use nutrients
-Function as co-enzymes or co-factors
-Serve as antioxidants

Back 9

Vitamins

Front 10

A main antioxidant:

Back 10

Vitamin E

Front 11

What are the three only vitamins that are made in the body (All others must be ingested)

Back 11

D,K and B

Front 12

What are the 2 water soluble vitamins?

Back 12

B-complex and C

Front 13

The two water soluble vitamins (B-complex and C) are absorbed in the:

Back 13

GI tract

Front 14

Fat-soluble vitamins

Back 14

ADEK

Front 15

The seven inorganic elements required in moderate amounts

Back 15

1. Calcium
2. Phosphorus
3. Potassium
4. Sulfur
5. Sodium
6. Chloride
7. Magnesium

Front 16

What elements harden bones?

Back 16

Calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium salts

Front 17

What elements help maintain normal osmolarity and are essential in nerve and muscle function

Back 17

1. Sodium
2. Chloride

Front 18

This reaction breaks down larger molecules into smaller

Back 18

Catabolic

Front 19

This reaction puts smaller molecules back together to larger ones

Back 19

Anabolic

Front 20

All chemical reactions necessary to maintain life

Back 20

Metabolism

Front 21

Food fuels are broken down within cells and some of the energy is captured to produce ATP

Back 21

Cellular respiration

Front 22

Fats AKA

Back 22

Tryglycerides

Front 23

Formation of glycogen when glucose supplies exceed cellular need for ATP synthesis (Anabolism)

Back 23

Glycogenesis

Front 24

Breakdown of glycogen in response to low blood glucose (Catabolism)

Back 24

Glycogenolysis

Front 25

The process of forming sugars from noncarbohydrate molecules

Back 25

Glucoconeogenesis

Front 26

Gluconeogenesis mainly takes place in the:

Back 26

Liver

Front 27

This protects the body, especially the brain, from damaging effects of hypoglycemia by ensuring ATP synthesis can continue

Back 27

Glucoconeogenesis

Front 28

A consequence of inadequate insulin or abnormal insulin receptors

Back 28

Diabetes Mellitus

Front 29

The structural basis of bile salts, steroid hormones and vitamin D

Back 29

Cholesterol

Front 30

How is cholesterol transported?

Back 30

By lipoproteins

Front 31

What are the 3 classifications of cholesterol

Back 31

1. HDL
2. LDL
3. VLDLs

Front 32

High-density lipoproteins that have more protein content

Back 32

HDLs

Front 33

Low density, have a considerable cholesterol component

Back 33

LDL's

Front 34

Have a very low density, mostly triglycerides

Back 34

VLDLs

Front 35

Main source of VLDL's

Back 35

Liver

Front 36

Transport Triglycerides to peripheral tissues (especially adipose)

Back 36

VLDL's

Front 37

Transport cholesterol to the peripheral tissues and regulate cholesterol synthesis

Back 37

LDLs

Front 38

Transport excess cholesterol from peripheral tissue to the liver

Back 38

HDLs

Front 39

HDL's are thought to protect against:

Back 39

Heart attacks

Front 40

LDL's increase the risk of;

Back 40

A heart attack

Front 41

The liver produces:

Back 41

Cholesterol

Front 42

Increase excretion and decrease synthesis

Back 42

Unsaturated fatty acids

Front 43

Decrease excretion and increase synthesis

Back 43

Saturated fatty acids

Front 44

Raise LDLs and lower HDL's (Bad for you)

Back 44

Trans fatty acids

Front 45

Stress, cigarette smoking and coffee increase:

Back 45

LDL levels

Front 46

Aerobic exercise:

Back 46

Decreases HDL

Front 47

T/F: Body shape is correlated with cholesterol levels

Back 47

True

Front 48

Fat carried on the upper body is correlated with:

Back 48

High cholesterol levels

Front 49

Fat carried on the hips and thighs is correlated with:

Back 49

Low cholesterol levels

Front 50

Glucagon is considered a _____________ hormone because it promotes release of glucose from storage during the ____________ state of metabolism.

Back 50

Glucagon is considered a HYPERGLYCEMIC hormone because it promotes release of glucose from storage during the POST-ABSORPTIVE state of metabolism.

Front 51

Insulin is considered a ____________ hormone because it promotes storage of glucose during the __________ state of metabolism.

Back 51

Insulin is considered a HYPOGLYCEMIC hormone because it promotes the storage of glucose during the ABSORPTIVE state of metabolism.

Front 52

The process of forming sugar from noncarbohydrate molecules

Back 52

Glucoconeogenesis

Front 53

Lipids Yield __________ which yields ________

Back 53

Lipids-> Fatty Acids-> Glycerol

Front 54

What are the most important class of proteins?

Back 54

Enzymes (Amylase, tripson, lipase)

Front 55

The _______ state is a ___________ process that happens soon after eating

Back 55

Absorptive, Anabolic

Front 56

Insulin is stimulated by ____________ but causes _____________

Back 56

Insulin is stimulated by hyperglycemia but causes hypoglycemia.

Front 57

What are the two things insulin does to help the body?

Back 57

1. Cells are better able to take up glucose
2. Increase uptake of amino acids

Front 58

A consequence of inadequate insulin production or abnormal insulin receptors

Back 58

Diabetes Mellitus

Front 59

Insulin dependent diabetes

Back 59

Type 1

Front 60

Diabetes that is caused from abnormal insulin receptors, non insulin dependent

Back 60

Type 2

Front 61

Metabolic Acidosis is caused by

Back 61

Ketones

Front 62

What are the 3 things that cause fats and tissue protein that are used for energy

Back 62

1. Metabolic Acidosis
2. Protein wasting
3. Weight loss

Front 63

The ___________ state is a ________ process that happens when fasting between meals

Back 63

The Post-absorptive state is a catabolic process that happens when fasting between meals

Front 64

The structural basis of bile salts, steroid hormones and vitamin D

Back 64

Cholesterol

Front 65

How is cholesterol transported

Back 65

From tissues via LIPOPROTEINS

Front 66

Three classifications of lipoproteins

Back 66

1. HDL
2. LDL
3. VLDL

Front 67

The "Good" cholesterol

Back 67

HDL

Front 68

The two "Bad" cholesterol

Back 68

VLDL and LDL

Front 69

Fat that is hard at room temperature

Back 69

Animal, and saturated veg. fat

Front 70

Plant oil is

Back 70

Unsaturated

Front 71

Contains no double bonds. Has all carbons that have a lot of hydrogens attached

Back 71

Saturated fatty acids

Front 72

Trans fat is _____ than fat

Back 72

WORST

Front 73

For a marathon runner, what benefits is there to eating a diet of 75% carbs and reducing the workout for 3-4 days before the competition?

Back 73

The muscle cells will store more glycogen

Front 74

The increased use of noncarbohydrate molecules for energy to conserve glucose is called
glucose sparing.

Back 74

True

Front 75

Except for lactose and some glycogen, the carbohydrates we ingest are mainly from animals.

Back 75

False

Front 76

The term essential nutrient refers to the chemicals that can be interconverted in the liver so
that the body can maintain life and good health.

Back 76

False

Front 77

The most abundant dietary lipids in the diets of most Americans are triglycerides.

Back 77

True

Front 78

The body is considered to be in nitrogen balance when the amount of nitrogen ingested in
lipids equals the amount excreted in urine.

Back 78

False

Front 79

Vitamins are inorganic compounds that are essential for growth and good health.

Back 79

False

Front 80

Cellular respiration is an anabolic process.

Back 80

False

Front 81

Processes that break down complex molecules into simpler ones are anabolic.

Back 81

False

Front 82

The molecule that serves as the major source of readily available fuel for neurons and blood cells is ________.
A) fat
B) glucose
C) acetyl CoA
D) cellulose

Back 82

B. Glucose

Front 83

Dietary fats are important because they ________.
A) keep blood pressure normal
B) help the body absorb fat-soluble vitamins
C) contribute significantly to the health of the skin
D) help prevent the common cold

Back 83

B. Help the body absorb fat-soluble vitamins

Front 84

Cholesterol, though it is not an energy molecule, has importance in the body because it ________.
A) is a stabilizing component of the plasma membranes and is the parent molecule of steroid hormones
B) helps provide essential nutrients to the brain and lungs
C) helps mobilize fats during periods of starvation
D) enters the glycolytic pathway without being altered

Back 84

A. Is a stabilizing component of plasma membranes and is the parent molecule of steroid hormones

Front 85

The term metabolism is best defined as ________.
A) the length of time it takes to digest and absorb fats
B) a measure of carbohydrate utilization, typically involving measurement of calories
C) the number of calories it takes to keep from shivering on a cold day
D) biochemical reactions involved in building cell molecules or breaking down molecules for energy

Back 85

D. Biochemical reactions involved in building cell molecules or breaking down molecules for energy

Front 86

Which of the choices below describes the pathway of cellular respiration (the complete oxidation of glucose)?
A) glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation
B) gluconeogenesis, Krebs cycle, lipolysis
C) lipolysis, glycogenolysis, beta oxidation
D) glycogenesis, lipogenesis, electron transport chain

Back 86

A. glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation

Front 87

Anabolism includes reactions in which ________.
A) carbohydrate utilization increases
B) larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones
C) structural proteins are used as a potential energy source
D) ketone bodies are formed

Back 87

B. Larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones

Front 88

Catabolism would be best described as a process that ________.
A) causes a decline in circulating ketone bodies
B) builds up triglycerides during the postabsorptive state
C) breaks down complex structures to simpler ones
D) elevates glucagon levels

Back 88

C. Breaks down complex structures into smaller ones

Front 89

The primary function of cellular respiration is to ________.
A) determine the amount of heat needed by the human body
B) provide the body with adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals
C) efficiently monitor the energy needs of the body
D) break down food molecules and generate ATP

Back 89

D. Break down food molecules and generate ATP

Front 90

Lipogenesis occurs when ________.
A) there is a shortage of fatty acids
B) glucose levels drop slightly
C) excess proteins are transported through the cell membrane
D) cellular ATP and glucose levels are high

Back 90

D. Cellular ATP and glucose levels are high

Front 91

Oxidative deamination takes place in the ________.
A) liver
B) muscles
C) kidneys
D) blood

Back 91

A. Liver

Front 92

Glycogen is formed in the liver during the ________.
A) postabsorptive state
B) absorptive state
C) starvation period
D) period when the metabolic rate is lowest

Back 92

B. Absorptive State

Front 93

Gluconeogenesis is the process in which ________.
A) glycogen is broken down to release glucose
B) glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate precursors
C) glycogen is formed
D) glucose is converted into carbon dioxide and water

Back 93

B. Glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate precursors

Front 94

Glycolysis is best defined as a catabolic reaction based upon the ________.
A) conversion of glucose into carbon dioxide and water
B) conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid
C) conversion of pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and water
D) formation of sugar

Back 94

B. Conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid

Front 95

What is the outcome of ketosis?

Back 95

B. Metabolic Acidosis

Front 96

Which of the choices below happens during the absorptive state?
A) Anabolic processes exceed catabolic ones.
B) Catabolic processes exceed anabolic ones.
C) No metabolism occurs.
D) Only glucose metabolism occurs.

Back 96

A. Anabolic processes exceed catabolic ones

Front 97

Which hormone directs essentially all the events of the absorptive state?
A) growth hormone
B) thyroid hormone
C) epinephrine
D) insulin

Back 97

D. Insulin

Front 98

Which of the following is the most important function of the liver?
A) carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
B) synthesis of bile salts
C) processing of drugs and hormones and activation of vitamin D
D) protein metabolism

Back 98

D. Protein Metabolism

Front 99

As the body progresses from the absorptive to the postabsorptive state, only the ________
continues to burn glucose while every other organ in the body mostly switches to fatty acids.
A) liver
B) brain
C) pancreas
D) spleen

Back 99

b. Brain

Front 100

In gluconeogenesis, during the postabsorptive state, amino acids and ________ are converted to glucose.
A) glycerol
B) glycogen
C) glyceraldehyde
D) glucagon

Back 100

A. Glycerol

Front 101

When ketone bodies are present in the blood and urine in large amounts, it usually indicates increased metabolism of ________.
A) amino acids
B) fatty acids
C) glycogen
D) lactic acid

Back 101

B. Fatty acids

Front 102

Which of the following nutrients yield the highest amount of energy per gram when
metabolized?
A) fats
B) vitamins and minerals
C) foods and beverages high in caffeine
D) proteins

Back 102

A. Fats

Front 103

Which of the following does not occur in the mitochondria?
A) electron transport
B) glycolysis
C) Krebs cycle
D) formation of malic acid from fumaric acid

Back 103

B. Glycolysis

Front 104

Select the correct statement about proteins.
A) Strict vegetarians need not worry about adequate protein intake, as most vegetables are almost perfect sources of amino acids.
B) Proteins can be synthesized in the body if most of the amino acids are present.
C) Proteins will be used by most cells for ATP synthesis if insufficient carbohydrates are ingested.
D) Catabolic steroids (hormones) accelerate the rate of protein synthesis.

Back 104

C. Proteins will be used by most cells for ATP synthesis if insufficient carbohydrates are ingested

Front 105

Which of the choices below is not a source of glucose during the postabsorptive state?
A) glycogenolysis in the liver
B) lipolysis in adipose tissues and the liver
C) absorption of glucose from the GI tract
D) catabolism of cellular protein

Back 105

C. Absorption of glucose from the GI tract

Front 106

Which of the following food groups are considered good sources of complete proteins?
A) corn, cottonseed oil, soy oil, and wheat germ
B) lima beans, kidney beans, nuts, and cereals
C) egg yolk, fish roe, and grains
D) eggs, milk, yogurt, meat, and fish

Back 106

D. Eggs, milk, yogurt, meat and fish

Front 107

Glucose can be obtained from ________.
A) glycogenolysis
B) triglyceride anabolism
C) protein anabolism
D) lipogenesis

Back 107

A. Glycogenolysis

Front 108

Which of the following is not a function of LDLs?
A) transport cholesterol from the peripheral tissues to the liver
B) regulate cholesterol synthesis in tissue cells
C) make cholesterol available to tissue cells for membrane or hormone synthesis
D) influence cholesterol synthesis in tissue cells

Back 108

A. Transport cholesterol from the peripheral tissues to the liver

Front 109

Which of the following best defines negative nitrogen balance?
A) Protein breakdown exceeds protein synthesis.
B) It is a condition usually caused by having a diet low in fish and meat.
C) A negative nitrogen balance is normal and is a way of maintaining homeostasis.
D) It occurs when amino acids are broken down by liver enzymes and carried to the bloodstream.

Back 109

A. Protein breakdown exceeds protein synthesis