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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Weight management
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Maintaining body weight in a healthy range by preventing gradual weight gains overtime and losing weight if overweight, and by preventing weight losses and gaining weight if under weight.
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68%
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Estimated percent of adults in the United States who are now considered overweight or obese as defined by a BMI of 25 or greater
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Epidemic
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The appearance of the disease usually infectious or condition that attacks many people at the same time in the same region
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Lipoprotein lipase LPL
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An enzyme that hydrolyzes triglycerides passing by in the bloodstream and directs their parts into the cells, or they can be metabolized or re-assembled for storage
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apoptosis
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cell death
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Lipotoxicity
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The adverse effect of fat in non adipose tissue
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Hyperplastic obesity
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Obesity due to an increase in the number of fat cells
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Hypertrophic obesity
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Obesity due to an increase in the size of fat cells
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5%
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Percentage of weight loss that can lower the risk of disease
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Adipose tissue
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Fat cells storage
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Prader-Willi syndrome
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A genetic disorder characterized by excessive appetite, massive obesity, short stature, and often mental retardation
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epigenome
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You cannot change the genome you inherit, but you can influence this
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Leptin
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A protein produced by fat cells under the direction of the ob gene that decreases appetite and increases energy expenditure; acts as a hormone primarily in the hypothalamus
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Ghrelin
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Protein produced by the stomach cells that enhances appetite and decreases energy expenditure. It also promotes sleep.
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White and brown adipose tissue
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Two types of fat in the body
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White adipose tissue
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tissue that stores fat for other cells to use for energy
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Brown adipose tissue
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Tissue that releases stored energy as heat
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Inversely
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How is brown fat quantity related with BMI?
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Brown adipose tissue
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Masses of specialized cells packed with pigmented mitochondria that produce heat instead of ATP
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Gene pool
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All the genetic information of a population at a given time
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Obesogenic environment
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All the factors surrounding a person that promote weight gain, such as increased food intake, especially up on healthy choices, and increased physical activity
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60 min/day moderate intensity
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DRI for physical activity
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Coupled reactions
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In these reactions the energy released from the breakdown of one compound is used to create a bond in the formation of another compound
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Uncoupled reactions
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In this type of reaction the energy is released as heat
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Nonexercise activity thermogenesis NEAT
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Energy expended in everyday a spontaneous activities which plays a pivotal role in energy balance and weight management
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59%
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Estimated percentage of US adults who are trying to lose weight at any given time
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Overweight
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25.0 - 29. 9 BMI
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obese
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30 or greater BMI
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>40in (>102cm)
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obese waist circumference for men
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>35in (>88cm)
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obese waist circumference for women
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Fad diets
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Popular eating plans that promise quick weight loss. Most fad diets severely limit certain foods or overemphasize others. For example, never eat potatoes or pasta or eat cabbage soup daily.
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Clinically severe obesity
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A BMI of 40 or greater or a BMI of 35 or greater with additional medical problems. A less preferred term used to describe the same condition as morbid obesity.
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Orlistat
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FDA approved drug for weight loss which inhibits pancreatic lipase activity in the GI tract, that's blocking digestion and absorption of dietary sad and limiting energy intake. Side effects include cramping, diarrhea, gas, frequent bowel movements, reduced absorption a fat soluble vitamins, rare cases of liver injury.
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Phentermine, diethylpropion, phendimetrazine
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FDA approved drugs for weight loss which enhance the release of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, which suppresses appetite. Side effects include increased blood pressure and heart rate, insomnia, nervousness, dizziness, and headache.
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Television
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Promotes inactivity, between meals snacking, and time spent that you could be doing something active
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1/2 to 2 pounds per week; 10% of initial body weight in 6 months
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Reasonable time frame and rate of weight loss
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1200
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Minimum number of kcals per day
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Exercise
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Benefits include suppress appetite, increased energy expenditure, BMR staying elevated long after finished
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at least 60 minutes
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amount of exercise needed each day
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increases ghrelin and decreases leptin which leads to weight gain
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How does sleep deprivation influence ghrelin and leptin?
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Spot reducing
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The misunderstanding that certain areas of the body own the fat surrounding the muscles and can be targeted for fat loss through exercise
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Environmental influences
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Atmosphere, accessibility, socializing, distractions, multiple choices, package and portion sizes, serving containers
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Behavior modification
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The changing of behavior by the manipulation of antecedents ( Cuse or environmental factors that trigger behavior), the behavior itself, and consequences (the penalties or rewards attached to behavior)
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Examples of behavioral strategies to support weight change
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Do not grocery shop when hungry. Eat slowly pause during meals, chew thoroughly, put down utensils between bites. Exercise when watching TV.
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Successful weight loss maintenance
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Achieving a weight loss of at least 10% of initial body weight and maintaining a loss for at least one year
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Underweight
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My body weight so low as to have adverse health effects. Generally defined as BMI less than 18.5
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Weight gain strategy
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Consuming energy-dense foods, regular meals daily, large portions, extra snacks, drinking juice and milk, exercising to build muscles
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