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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The GI system is made of the ...
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mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
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The accessory organs that are directly involved in digestioin because they synthesize and release chemicals include:
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liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
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What is mechanical digestiona nd give some examples
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uses muscles and nerves
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What is Peristalsis?
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The action of the esophagus
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What is chemical digestion and give some examples
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Elements that break down the food
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What is a hormone?
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chemical messengers produced and secreted from cells within endocrine glands/organs
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Give some examples of hormones that are involved in the process of digestion
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gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin and (GIP)
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What enzyme digests fat?
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Lipase
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What enzyme digests carbohydrates?
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amylase
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What enzyme digests protein?
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protease
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Which mechanism of nutrient absorption allows nutrients to freely cross the cell membrane into the cells?
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passive diffusion
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Which mechanism of nutrient absorption requires a specific and selective carrier protein or receptor site to cross the cell membrane
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facilitated diffusion
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which mechanism of nutrient absorption requires a specific and selective carrier protein or receptor site and ATP (energy) to cross the cell membrane?
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active transport
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Blood transports _____-_____ nutrients. The Lymphatic system transports ______-______ nutrients
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water-soluble
fat-soluble |
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What does Anabolic mean and give and example
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growth promoting: individual amino acids and combining them to make a protein
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Explain the difference betweeen Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes
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insulin-dependent diabetes=Type 1
cause by insulin resistance (lifestyle changes)=Type 2 |
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Explain the Gluscose Tolerance Test
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Normal diet 3 days, baseline fasting blood sugar level, glucose load and monitor
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Blood sugar levels for ____ indicate diabetes.
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>200 mg/dl two hours and
>126 mg/dl twelve hour fast |
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Foods high in ____, _____, _____, content tend to lower the glycemic response and control blood sugar levels.
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protein. fat, fiber
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What is Atherosclerosis?
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clogging, narrowing, and/or hardening of the arteries
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What causes injury to the arterial wall?
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hypertension, tobacco smoke, free radicals, hyperglycemia, and hyperhomocystemia
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What is optimal Blood Pressure Measurements?
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systolic < 120
diastolic < 80 |
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What are the risk factors for heart disease?
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elevated serum CHOL, genetics, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, hyptertension, diabetes, obesity, vascular disease, sedentary lifestyles, stress, male gender, low-fiber diet
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Explain the difference between HDL and LDL
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LDL= low density lipoprotein BAD
HDL= high density lipoprotein GOOD |
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What is a disreable cholesterol reading?
What is boderline? High risk? |
<200 mg/dl
>240 mg/dl |
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What is Metabolic Syndrome?
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insulin resistance syndrome the presence of a set of metabolic risk factors that are associated with the development of heart disease
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Explain how antioxidants help stop the oxidation process.
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They react with oxygen radical species directly to protect molecules in the body and maintain normal cell structure and integrity
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What is hydrogenation?
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removes the double bonds from PUFAs and MUFAs and adds hydrogen molecules to stabilize the carbon bonds, fats become more saturated
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What are Trans Fatty Acids (TFA) and what health condition do they contribute to?
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Heart disease, bad fats 1%
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What are some food sources of Trans Fatty Acids?
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Deep-fat fried foods, vegetable shortenings, fast foods
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What does catabolic mean and give and example
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destroy: protein and breaking it apart into its individual amino acids
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What are four ways that or body eliminates waste products from the digestive process?
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respiration, secretions, urinary output, feces
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Explain what is needed for photosynthesis to occur
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chlorophyll, carbon dioxide, water, sunlight
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What are the two categories of Dietary Fiber and give a food source of each
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soluble=pectins fruits
insoluble=cellulose whole grain foods |
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Which kind of fiber lowers cholesterol?
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soluble
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The general DRI for total fiber intake for an adult male is ____ grams and for an adult female ___ grams.
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38 and 25
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The personal DRI for fiber is ____ grams per ___ calories.
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1.4 grams per 100 calories
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What are the benefits of fiber?
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increases volume of food without adding calories, stool softener, bulk, decreases transit time in GI track, imporves GI track muscle tone
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What are the negative effects of too much fiber?
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causes gas and bloating, frequent bowl movements, bind of positive minerals and betocarotene, decreases caloric value, inestinal blockage
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Normal blood sugar range is _________.
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80-100 mg/dl
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Explain how insulin and glucagon regulate blood sugar
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insuin-decreases blood sugar levels
glucagon- increases blood sugar levels |
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What is the cause and symptoms of Lactose Intolerance?
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deficiency of enzyme lactase which is needed to digest lactose. gas, bloating, cramps and diarrhea
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How does Lactose intolerance differ from a milk allergy?
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intolerance is an inability to digest milk sugar not an allergic reaction
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What is hypoglycemia?
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low blood sugar
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What are soe food sources of Omega 3 Fatty Acids and why are they important in our diet?
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Fish, they decrease blood clotting and blood pressure
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What other factors affect Atherosclerosis?
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folate, niacin, benecol, alcohol (red wine), aerobic physcal activity, soluble fiber and soy protein
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The recommended P:S ration is ____ having a P:S ration value that is greater than or equal to ____ is tumorigenic. Having a P:S value that is less that or equal to ___ is atherogenic
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1:1
3:1 .33:1 |
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What factors put you at risk for cancer?
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smoking tobacco, UV light, obesity, sedentary lifestyle
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What is denaturation and what three things cause it to happen?
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the protein changes shape..heat, acid and metals
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How is protein digested?
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protease enzymes
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What are the two basic types of protein and where are they found in our body?
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fibrous-fingernails
globular-blood |
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What are the dangers of a high protein diet?
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increases risk of dehydration, liver and spleen enlargement, accelerated kindey aging, metabolic acidosis, vitamin B6 deficiency, calcium and zinc loss
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What is Kwashiorkor?
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protein deficiency
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What is PEM/Marasmus?
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protein energy deficiency
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