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186 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name the five diseases that are nutrient related.
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Heart disease,cancers,strokes,accidents,diabetes mellitis
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What is a nutrient?
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Substances that the body uses for growth and repair of tissues, and maitenance.
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What is an essential nutrient?
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Nutrients that foods must supply.
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What is nutrient density?
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A measure of the nutrients a food provides relative to the energy it provides.
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What is a food of high nutrient density consist of?
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More nutrients and less kcalories.
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Name three types of nutrients that provide calories.
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carbs,fats,proteins
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How many calories are from carbs?
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4 kcal/g
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How many calories are from protein?
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4 kcal/g
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How many calories are from fat?
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9 kcal/g
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How many calories are from alcohol?
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7 kcal/g
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Name some factors that influence food choices.
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Body Weight,Availability, Emotions,Habit,Personal preference,heritage
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Give the six components of a nutritious diet.
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Adequacy,balance,kcalorie control,nutrient density,moderation,variety
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Why were dietary reference intakes developed?
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So people can effectively define the amounts of energy, nutrients,and other dietary components, and physical activity that best support health.
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What is the average daily amount of nutrient that will maintain a specific biochemical or physiological function in half the healthy people of a given age and gender group?
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Estimated Average Requirements
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What is the average daily amount of a nutrient considered adequate to meet the known nutrient needs of practically all healthy people?
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Recommended Dietary Allowance
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What is the average daily amount of a nutrient that appears sufficient to maintain a specified criterion?
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Adequate Intake
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What is used when an RDA cannot be determined?
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Adequate Intake
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What is the maximum daily amount of a nutrient that appears safe for most healthy people and beyond which there is an increased risk of adverse health affects?
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Tolerable Upper Intake Level
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Name the six types of nonnutrients.
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fibers,phytochemicals,pigments, additives,alcohols,ethers
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What is a non nutrient compound that are found in plant-derived foods that have biological activity in the body?
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phytochemicals
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What type of compound has no carbon?
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inorganic compounds
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What type of bonds do organic compounds have?
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-carbon carbon
-carbon hydrogen |
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What type of nutrient never changes throughout the body?
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mineral
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What do lipids,proteins,vitamins,and carbs contain?
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H,O,Carbon,Nitrogen sometimes and even other elements
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What supplies essential nutrients?
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Food
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What three nutrients provide energy?
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Carbs,lipids,and protein
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What is a nutrient that is required by the body in large amounts?
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macronutrient
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Give 3 examples of macronutrients.
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-carbs,fat,protein
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What nutrient has nitrogen?
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protein
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What is a nutrient that is required by the body in only small amounts?
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micronutrient
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What unit is used to measure food energy?
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joule
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What is the amount expended when one kilogram is moved one meter by force of one newton?
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work energy in joules
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What is the unit that measures heat energy?
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kcalories
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How many cals are in one kcalorie?
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1000
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How do you convert kcals to kilojoules?
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You multiply the kcals by 4.2.
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What is the energy released from carbs,fats,and proteins?
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calories
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How many kcals are in 1 gram of carb,1 gram of protein,and 1 gram of fat?
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4,4,9
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Which nutrient has the greatest energy density?
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FAT
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How do you calculate the energy available from food?
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Multiply the number of grams of carbs,protein,and fat by 4,4,9 and then add them together!
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How much fat intake should be aquired?
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20-35% a day
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Does alcohol give energy? If so, how much?
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Yes, 7 kcal/gram
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What does alcohol do to the body?
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Interferes with body processes
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What happens to bonds when proteins,carbs,and fats are used?
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bonds break
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How is energy released when bonds break?
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-heat,electric impulses to brain and nerves to synthesize body compounds and to move muscles
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What happens when nutrients are not used?
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Arranged into storage compounds and weight is gained
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What is energy density?
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Measure of the energy a food provides relative to the amount of food
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What are proteins?
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Make up the muscle and skin-and participate in activities such as digestion and energy metabolism
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What do vitamins do?
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facilitate the release of energy
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Can minerals be destroyed?
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no
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What do minerals do?
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influence properties of body
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What does water do?
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participates in metabolic reactions and is a medium for transport
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What is genetic material in chromosomes of a cell?
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genome
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What is how nutrients effect activities of genes and how genes affect the activities of nutrients
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nutrient genomics
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Which group receives the medicine and which doesn't?
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control-placebo
experiment-actual meds |
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What is the nutrient intake values for healthy people in the US and Cananda?
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DRI
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What is the average dietary energy intake that maintains energy balance and good health in a person of a given age,gender,weight,height,and level of physical activity?
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estimated energy requirement
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What percentage of the carbs are needed daily?
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45-65%
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What percentage of the fat are needed daily?
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20-35%
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What percentage of the protein is needed daily?
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10-35%
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What are the ranges of intakes of the energy nutrients that provide adequate energy and nutrients and reduce risk of disease?
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acceptable macronutrient ranges
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Who does the estimation of adequate energy and nutrient intake appy to?
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Healthy people
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Do these recommendations apply to all people?
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Yes, but not for individually needs.
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How is nutrient intake met successfully?
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Variety of foods taken in.
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What to reccomendedations appy to?
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daily intakes
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What is a nutrient deficiency over time?
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malnutrition
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What is the deficiency of energy?
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undernutrition
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Give some symptoms of malnutrition.
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skin rash, depression,hair loss,bleeding gums,muscle spasms,night blindedness
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Give some symptoms of undernutrition.
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thin,lose muscle,prone to disease
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What is overnutrition?
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obesity,heart disease and diabetes
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What occurs during a sudden nutrient overdose?
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hot flashes,yellow skin,rapid heart rate,and low blood pressure
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What does a RD do to prepare a nutrition assessment?
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history,height and weight,exam,lab tests
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What may a person that lacks iron in their diet have?
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primary deficiency
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How may a RD address a primary deficiency?
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with history
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How may a person that has a body that doesnt absorb enough,exretes too much or uses something inappropriately have?
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secondary deficiency
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How may an RD address a secondary deficiency?
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present health and history
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What is a deficiency in early stages, before the outward signs have appeared?
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subclinical deficiency
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Why does one feel weak during an iron deficiency?
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-new rbcs cannot replace old and dying ones so body feels short of o2
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Who sets goals to improve health during the next 10 years?
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Healthy people group
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How are national nutrition surveys used?
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Results are used to establish public policies on nutrition education and food assistance programs and the regulation of food supply
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What is a behavior that is associated with an elevated frequency of a disease but is not proved to be casual?
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risk factor
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How do risk factors appear?
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They persist over time and cluster.
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What is a typical portion size for a starch?
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1 slice of bread
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What is a typical portion size of a fruit?
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1 small apple
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What is a typical portion size of milk?
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1 cup
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What is a typical portion size of other carbohydrates?
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2 cookies
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What is the typical portion size for nonstarchy vegetables?
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1/2 cup cooked carrots
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How many grams of carbs,protein,fat are in a portion of starch?
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15 grams,3 grams,0-1 grams
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How many grams of carbs,protein,and fat are in a portion of fruit?
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15,0,0
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How many carbohydrates,protein,fat are in a portion of fat-free milk?
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12 g,8 g ,0-3 g
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How many carbs,protein,and fat are in a portion of reduced-fat milk?
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12,8,5
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How many carbs,proteins,and fat grams are in a portion of whole milk?
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12,8,8
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How many carbs,proteins,and fats are in a portion of other carbs?
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15,varies,varies
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How many carbs,proteins,and fats are in a portion of nonstarchy vegetables?
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5,2,0
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How much energy is in one portion of starch?
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80 kcal
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How much energy is in one portion of fruit?
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60 kcal
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How much energy is in one cup of fat free milk?
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90 kcal
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How much energy is in 1 cup of reduced fat milk?
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120 kcal
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How much energy is in 1 cup of whole milk?
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150 kcal
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How much energy is in other carbs?
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varies
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How much energy is in a half cup of cooked carrots?
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25 kcal
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Give an example of very lean meat portion size?
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1 oz white chicken no skin
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Give an example of lean meat portion size?
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1 oz lean beef
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Give an example of medium fat meat portion size?
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1 oz ground beef
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Give an example of high fat meat portion size?
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1 oz pork sausage
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How many grams of carbs are in meat?
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No carbs.
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How many grams of protein are in 1 oz of meat?
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7 grams
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How many g of fat are in 1 oz of chicken?
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0-1
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How many g of fat are in 1 oz of lean beef?
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3
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How many g of fat are in 1 0z of ground beef?
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5
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How many g of fat are in 1 oz of pork sausage?
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8
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How many kcals does 1 oz of chicken provide?
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35 kcal
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How much energy does 1 oz of lean beef provide?
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55 kcal
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How much energy does 1 oz of ground beef provide?
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75 kcal
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How much energy does 1 oz of pork sausage provide?
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100 kcal
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What is the typical portion size in the fat group?
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1 tsp butter
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How much g of fat are in 1 tsp of butter?
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5 g
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How much energy does 1 tsp of butter provide?
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45 kcal
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This term means to provide all the essential nutrients,fiber,and energy in amounts sufficient to maintain health.
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adequacy
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What term means to provide foods in proportion to each other and in proportion to the body's needs?
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balance
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What is the management of food energy intake?
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kcal or energy control
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What is the measure of the nutrients a food provides relative to the energy it provides?
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nutrient density
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What is a term used to denote foods that contribute energy but lack protein,vitamin,and minerals?
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empty-kcalorie foods
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What is providing enough but not too much of a substance?
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moderation
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What is eating a wide selection of foods within and among the major food groups?
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variety
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What is diet-planning tools that sort foods into groups based on nutrient content and specify the amounts of foods that people should eat from each group?
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food group plans
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What are plants of the bean and pea family with seeds that are rich in protein compared with other plant-derived foods?
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legumes
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What are the five food groups?
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fruit,vegetable,grain,meat/legumes,and milk
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Which vegetable delivers vitamin B folate?
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dark green vegetables
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Which vegetable provides vitamin A?
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orange vegetables
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Which vegetable provides iron and protein?
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legume
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Which vegetable provides carbs?
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starchy vegetables
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What are the kcalories remaining in a person's energy allowance after consuming enough nutrient-dense foods to meet all nutrient needs for a day?
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discretionary kcalorie allowance
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What is a measure developed by the USDA for assessing how well a diet conforms to the recommendations of the USDA food guide and the dietary guidelines for americans?
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healthy eating index
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What is a diet planning tool that organizes foods by their proportions of carbohydrate,fat,and protein?
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exchange list
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What are foods that are treated to change their physical,chemical and microbiological, or sensory properties?
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processed food
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What is the addition of nutrients to a food that were not originally present or present in insignificant amounts.
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fortified
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What is the process in which the coarse parts of a food are removed?
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refined
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What is the addition to a food of nutrients that were lost during processing so that the food will meet a specified standard?
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enriched
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What is a grain milled in its own entirety?
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whole grain
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What is processed soybean protein used in vegetarian products such as soy burgers?
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textured vegetable protein
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What are foods that sub for and resemble another food, but are nutritionally inferior to it with respect to the vitamin,mineral,or protein content.
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imitation foods
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What are foods that are designed to replace other foods?
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food substitutes
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What are reference values developed by the FDA specifically for use on food labels?
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daily values (DV)
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What are statements that characterize the quantity of a nutrient in a food?
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nutrient claims
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What are statements that characterize the relationship between a nutrient or other substance in a food and a disease or health-related condition?
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health claims
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What are statements that characterize the relationship between a nutrient or other substance in a food and its role in the body?
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structure-function claims
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What is the criterion for a structure-function claim?
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it must not mention a disease or its symptoms
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Which statement is a health claim, and which is a structure-function claim:
-may reduce the risk of heart disease -promotes a healthy heart |
1-health claim
2-structure function claim |
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How much of your grain consumption should be whole grains?
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half
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What percentage of kcalories should you get from saturated fats?
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10 percent from sat fats
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How many milligrams daily should you limit your diet to?
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less than 300 milligrams
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What should you limit your daily fat intake to?
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twenty to thirty five percent of your daily intake
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What kind of unsaturated fats should you chose?
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poly and mono unsat fats
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WHAT IS THE SPHINCTER BETWEEN THE STOMACH AND ESOPHAGUS CALLED?
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LOWER ESOPHAGEAL
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WHAT IS IT CALLED THAT YOUR STOMACH ALLOWS YOU TO EAT LARGE AMOUNTS OF FOOD?
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ADAPTIVE RELAXATION
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WHAT DOES CHYME CONSIST OF? 5 THINGS
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MUCUS,WATER,HCL,PEPSIN,DIGESTING FOOD WITH NUTRIENTS,
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WHAT IS THE TOP AND BOTTOM OF THE STOMACH?
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FUNDUS AND ANTRUM
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WHAT IS THE SPHINCTER OF THE STOMACH THAT CONNECTS TO THE SMALL INTESTINE?
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PYLORIC SPHINCTER
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WHAT CHEMICAL STOPS STARCH DIGESTION?
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HCL
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WHY IS HCL ADDED?
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DENATURES PROTEINS HELPS TO UNCOIL THEM
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WHAT ARE THE 3 CELLS OF THE STOMACH?
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CHIEF,PARIETAL,MUCOUS
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WHAT DO THE CHIEF CELLS SECRETE?
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PEPSINOGEN AND GASTRIC LIPASE
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WHAT DO THE PARIETAL CELLS SECRETE?
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HCL AND INTRINSIC FACTOR
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WHAT DO THE MUCOUS CELLS SECRETE?
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MUCUS AND BICARBONATE
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WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF PEPSINOGEN?
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TURNS INTO PEPSIN TO BREAK DOWN LARGE PROTEIN
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WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF GASTRIN?
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TRIGGERS HCL PRODUCTION
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WHAT DOES GASTRIC LIPASE DO?
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BREAKS DOWN FAT
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WHAT 3 TYPES OF PROBLEMS CAN EFFECT FOOD CAPACITY?
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ANOREXIA,CANCER,GASTRIC BYPASS
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WHERE DOES THE MOST OCCUR IN THE SMALL INTESTINE?
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JEJUNUM
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WHAT IS DIFFERENT ABOUT A PERSON'S SMALL INTESTINE SLIDE THAT HAS MALNUTRITION?
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SMOOTH SLIDE OPPOSED TO A NORMAL BUMPY SLIDE THAT WOULD INCREASE AREA ABSORPTION
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WHERE DOES THE LYMPH DEPOSIT INTO?
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THORACIC DUCT
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WHAT DO GOBLET CELLS DO AND WHERE ARE THEY FOUND?
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SMALL INTESTINE-SECRETE MUCUS
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NAME THREE THINGS THE PANCREAS SECRETES.
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BICARB,INSULIN,ENZYMES
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WHAT IS CYSTIC FIBROSIS?
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CLOGGED PANCREAS
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WHAT DO THE INTESTINAL CELLS DO?
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BREAK DOWN MALTOSE,LACTOSE,AND SUCROSE
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WHAT CARRIER CARRIES FRUCTOSE IN?
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GLUT 5
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WHAT DOES GLUT 2 CARRY OUT OF THE CELL?
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GLUCOSE,GALACTIOSE,AND FRUCTOSE
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HOW IS GLUCOSE CARRIED IN DURING ACTIVE TRANSPORT?
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BY WAY OF SGLT 1.
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WHAT IS THE ABSORPTION THAT HAS SOMETHING MOVE INTO AN AREA OF LOWER CONCENTRAION?
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SIMPLE DIFFUSION
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WHAT IS PINOCYTOSIS?
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CELL ENGULFS NUTRIENTS
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WHAT IS THE FUEL OF THE GI TRACT THAT ALSO STIMULATES THE PROLIFERATION OF ENTEROCYTES?
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GLUTAMINE
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WHAT STIMULATES CELLS TO PRODUCE GLUTAMINE?
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AMINO ACIDS
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NAME THE 3 THINGS THAT ENTER THE LYMPH.
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MONOGLYCERRIDES,LONG CHAIN FATTY ACIDS, AND FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS
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WHAT DOES THE LIVER DO?
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PRODUCES BILE AND HAS FIRST CHOICE OF WHAT HAPPENS TO NUTRIENTS
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WHAT DOES THE LARGE INTESTINE DO?
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ABSORBS LEFTOVER WATER AND NA, K, AND CHLORIDE
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WHAT HOLDS WASTE?
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RECTUM
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