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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Mammals Blood glucose:
normal= after a meal= starvation= |
4.5-5.5 mmol/L
6.5-7.2 3.3-3.9 |
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Ruminants:
Sheep= Cattle= |
2.2 mmol/L
3.3 |
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Why won't you see a peak after meal?
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Because they dont absorb in small intestine
Convert to VFA in GI tract |
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Why is their blood glucose lower?
VFA's? do what... What us the main VFA? |
because they make glucose
they can cross bbbarrier propionate, then to liver after gluconeogenesis to maintain glc levels |
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Where does bld glc come from?
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dietary carbohydrates
liver glycogen gluconeogenesis (propionate, AA, lactate) |
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What do dietary carbs turn into?
Examples of what these are? |
they are converted to glucose
starch, fructose, galactose |
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What does liver glycogen do?
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the liver stores glycogen and during glycogenolysis it releases free glc to the body
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Gluconeogenesis?--VFA?
AA? |
product of digestion in ruminant and hindgut>liver>gluconeogenesis>glc
in diet and they are absorbed in GIT, to liver, enter gluconeogenesis then go to blood in inc bld glc |
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Lactate?
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produced in muscle
always produced by RBC goes to blood>liver>converted to pyruvate>converted to glc>back to blood>to RBC in muscle |
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REGULATION OF BLOOD GLUCOSE:
(7) ways |
Transport of glc into cell
glucokinase insulin GLUT 4 Glucagon ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES: growth hormone ACTH (glucocorticoids and epinephrine) |
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transport of glc into cell occurs when?
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bld glc is high
GLUT 2 and 4 transport into cells and you get a decrease in bld glc concentrations |
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Glucokinase?
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converts glc to GLC 6-P
needs high glc to be active |
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Insulin?
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increases as blood glc increases
produced by pancreatic B-cells DECREASES blood glucose ACTIVATES: glycogenesis and glycolysis because they use glucose |
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GLUT 4?
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insulin is released and you get an increase in GLUT 4 transporter so you get an uptake of glucose>
SO this causes DECREASE in blood glucose |
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Glucagon?
produced by? see during? INC or DEC? Activates? |
produced by pancreatic alpha-cells
see during hypoglycemia INCREASES blood glucose so it activates gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis |
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Growth Hormone?
released mobilizes fats are broken down to? |
released due to hypoglycemia
mobilizes free fatty acids from adipose tissue fats are broken down to glycerol glycerol>liver>glc>released into blood>INC blood glucose |
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ACTH?
stuimulates? to produce? |
stimulates adrenal cortex to produce glucocorticoids and epinephrine
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Glucocorticoids?
what are they and what do they do? activate? |
stress hormones that INC bld glc levels
activate gluconeogenesis because low bld glc is a stress on the body |
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Epinephrine?
stimulates what? does this to do what? |
stimulates glycogenolysis in order to breakdown glycogen and build up glucose to INCREASE blood glucose
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CITRIC ACID CYCLE IS?
found in the? uses? |
aerobic
mitochondria fatty acids and AA |
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Fate of pyruvate here after glycolysis?
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it is in the cytosol and needs to enter mitochondria so pyruvate carrier allows entry into the mitochondria
BUT before it enters CAC it has to be converted to acetly CoA via enzyme PDH |
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Complete oxidation of glucose = how many ATP?
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32 ATP
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CAC Regulation? by (2) things?
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PDH and Isocitrate DH
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PDH is inhibited by?
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increase in ratio of ATP:ADP
ATP activates PDH kinase which phosphorylates PDH and inactivates PDH so you wont get acetly CoA and then the buildup of ATP does not enter the CAC |
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Isocitrate DH?
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inhibited by the build up of ratio NADH:NAD+
Citrate is used for fatty acid syntheses and when this inhibition occurs you get citrate build up and store ATP for later on (stored) |
