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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is an electrolyte?
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in solution, they dissociate into ions and conduct electricity (e.g potassium, sodium, and chloride)
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What are the two mechanisms which regulate the amount of electrolytes present in the body?
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gastro-intestinal tract via absorption and excretion
the kidneys |
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Where is Potassium absorbed?
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rapidly throughout the entire small intestine.
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How is Potassium absorbed?
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colonic mucosal cells with a potassium-hyrdogen-ATPase pump, which exchanges intracellular hydrogen for luminal potassium
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Is potassium stored in intracellular fluid, or extracellular fluid?
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98% in intracellular fluid- it is the major intracellular cation
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Where is potassium stored?
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there are no storage sites for potassium
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What is hyperkalaemia?
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an excess of potassium in the plasma
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What are some factors that affect the movement of potassium?
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insulin
blood pH hyperosmolality |
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How does insulin promote the shift of potassium into cells?
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stimulating the Na/K ATPase pump
stimulating glycogen synthesis increasing phosphorylated glucose intermediate metabolites |
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Acidosis shifts potassium into / out of the cell
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out of the cells
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Alkalosis shifts potassium into / out of the cell
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into the cells
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Why must potassium intake be monitored in renal disease
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because the kidneys are unable to deal with a normal load
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What is the major regulating hormone in potassium excretion
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Aldosterone
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Factors increasing renal potassium excretion:
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increased urine flow
increased sodium reabsorption aldosterone, ADH low magnesium |
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Factors decreasing renal potassium excretion
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renal failure
low urine flow low sodium delivery |
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What is the main function of potassium
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maintenance of the cell membrane potential and a cofactor for enzymes
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What are some functions of potassium
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transmission of nerve impulses
production of energy synthesis of nucleic acid maintenance of normal blood pressure |
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Potassium, as a cofactor for enzymes, is required for:
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activation of Na, K ATPase
activity of pyruvate kinase secretion of insulin from the pancreas protein synthesis |
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What is the clinical deficiency for potassium
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hypokalaemia
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What are the symptoms of hypokalaemia
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fatigue
muscle weakness and cramping intestinal paralysis |
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What are some foods that are high in potassium
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Banana
Potato Plums Tomato juice |
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What is the most important function of sodium?
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to regulate the balance of water inside and outside of the cells
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Where is sodium absorbed
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95% is absorbed in the small and large intestines
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What is the major source of sodium for the body?
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reabsorption of sodium from the urine
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What organ controls the sodium balance in the body?
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kidneys
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How is sodium excretion controlled by aldosterone
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renin converts angiotensin to angiotensin -> ACE converts to angiotensin 2, which causes secretion of aldosterone, which increases retention of sodium and chloride and water from the kidneys
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When is ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) secreted?
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secreted by the atria of the heart in response to stretching of the atria that occurs with increased blood volume.
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T/F ANP suppresses the secretions of renin, aldosterone, and ADH
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true
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Is chloride found in the extracellular or intracellular fluid?
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extracellular fluid
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How is chloride concentration regulated?
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indirectly by sodium regulation within the body (as it follows sodium's entrance into and out of the body)
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Is the reabsorption of chloride passive or active?
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passive in the proximal tubule and active in the ascending loop of Henle and the distal tubule
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What is Hyponatremia?
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clinical deficiency of sodium
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What are symptoms of hyponatremia
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headache
vomiting nausea muscle cramps fatigue |
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List some low salt foods
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pear
brown rice mango almonds olive oil |
