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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the fat soluble vitamins?
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A
D E K |
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What are symtoms of B-complex deficiencies?
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dermatitis
glossitis diarrhea |
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Which water-soluble vitamins are stored in the body?
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B12 and folate, in the liver
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What is vitamin B1?
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thiamine (thiamine pyrophosphate - TPP)
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What is vitamin B2?
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riboflavin (FAD, FMN)
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What is vitamin B3?
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niacin (NAD+)
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What is vitamin B5?
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pantothenic acid (CoA)
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What is vitamin B6?
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pyridoxine (PLP)
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What is vitamin B12?
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cobalamin
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What is the name and function of vitamin A?
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retinol
antioxidant, visual pigments, epithelial differentiation, prevention of squamous metaplasia |
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What diseases are treated with vitamin A/retinol?
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measles
acute myeloid leukemia (AML) subtype 3 |
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What is topical Retin-A use for?
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acne, wrinkles
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What are dietary sources of vitamin A?
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liver
leafy vegetables |
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What are symptoms of vitamin A deficiency?
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night blindness, dry skin
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What are symptoms of vitamin A toxicity?
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arthralgias, fatigue, headache
skin changes sore throat, alopecia teratogenic: cleft palate and CHD |
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What is isotretinoin used for?
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aka Accutane
for severe acne - pregnancy test required before Rx |
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What is Wernicke-Korsacoff syndrome?
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From B1 deficiency
confusion, opthalmoplegia, ataxia + confabulation, personality change, memory loss (permanent) damage to medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus and mammillary bodies |
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What is beri-beri (wet and dry)?
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B1 deficiency - Ber1 Ber1
dry: polyneuritis, muscle wasting wet: high output cardiac failure (dilated cardiomyopathy) and edema |
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What are features of B2 deficiency?
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cheliosis and corneal vascularization
B2 has 2C |
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What are features and causes of B3 deficiency?
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glossitis
pellagra, from: Hartnup disease (low tryp absorption) malignant carcinoid (high tryp metab) isonicotinylhydrazine (INH) --> low b6 |
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What are the 3Ds of B3/pellagra?
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diarrhea
dermatitis dementia |
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When does B3 toxicity occur and what does it cause?
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with pharm doses for hyperlipidemia
--> flushing |
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What are features of B5 deficiency?
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enteritis
adrenal insufficiency dermatitis alopecia |
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What are features and causes of B6 deficiency?
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convulsions
hyperirritability peripheral neuropathy sideroblastic anemia (impaired Hb synth --> Fe excess) from INH and OCP use |
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What is the origin are nutritional sources of B12?
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made ONLY by microorganisms
found in animal products large reserve pool (years) in the liver |
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What are causes of B12 deficiency?
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sprue
chronic enteritis Diphyllobothrium latum (tapeworm) loss of intrinsic factor: pernicious anemia, gastric bypass loss of terminal ileum (Crohn's) |
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What is the Schilling test?
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test for pernicious anemia in B12 deficiency
radiolabeled B12 absorbed from GI measured in urine; if abnormal, repeated with supplemental intrinsic factor, antibiotics, or pancreatic enzymes |
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What are features of B12 deficiency?
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macrocytic megaloblastic anemia
hypersegmented PMNs paresthesias subacute combined degeneration (weakness, sensations, visual/mental problems) chronic --> irreversible nervous damage |
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What are features of folic acid deficiency?
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macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia
NO neuro symptoms |
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What are causes of folic acid deficiency?
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most common in US; alcoholism and pregnancy
Rx: phenytoin, sulfonamides, MTX |
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What is S-adenosyl-methionine?
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SAM the methyl donor man
combo of ATP + methionine required for NE --> epinephrine conversion regeneration of methionine depends on B12 and folate |
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What are causes and features of biotin deficiency?
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from antibiotic use of raw egg consuption (AVID binding by AVIDin in egg whites)
--> dermatitis, alopecia, enteritis |
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What are features of vitamin C deficiency?
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scurvey - swollen gums, bruising, hemarthrosis, anemia, poor healing (due to collagen synth problems)
weakened immune system |
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What are features of vitamin C toxicity?
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nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
fatigue, sleep problems increased risk of iron toxicity in predisposed |
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What are the different types of Vitamin D and their sources?
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D2/ergocalciferol: plants
D3/cholecalciferol: milk 25-OH D3: storage 1,25-(OH)2 D3: active |
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What are the functions of vitamin D?
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increases intestinal absorption of Ca and PO4
increases bone resporption |
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What are features of vitamin D deficiency?
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rickets (pediatric)
osteomalacia (adult) hypocalcemic tetany low vitamin D in breast milk |
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What are features and one cause of vitamin D toxicity?
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hypercalcemia/calciuria
loss of apetite stupor found with sarcoidosis (increased converion to active by epithelioid macs) |
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What is the function of vitamin E?
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antioxidant protection of erythrocytes and membranes from free radicals
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What are features of vitamin E deficiency?
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hemolytic anemia
muscle weakness demyelination of posterior column of spinocerebellar tract |
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What is the function of vitamin K?
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catalyzes gamma-carboxylation of glutamic acid on:
clotting factors II, VII, IX, X proteins C and S |
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What is the mechanism of warfarin?
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vitamin K antagonist
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What are features of vitamin K deficiency?
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neonatal hemorrhage
(no synthesis in sterile intestine and not in breast milk - also after prolonged broad-spec antibiotics) increase PT and PTT but normal bleeding time |
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What are features of zinc deficiency?
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Delayed wound healing
Hypogonadism Loss of adult hair Dysgeusia (loss of taste) and anosmia predisposes alcoholic cirrhosis |
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What are the two steps in metabolism of ethanol to acetate?
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Alcohol dehydrogenase: ethanol + NAD --> acetaldehyde + NADH
Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase: acetaldehyde + NAD --> acetate + NADH |
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What is the rate limiting reaction in ethanol metabolism?
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alcohol dehydrogenase - it has zero-order kinetics
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What is fomepizole?
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inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase
used for ethanol/ethylene glycol poisoning |
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What is disulfram (Antabuse)?
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inhibits acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
accumulation of acetaldehyde --> hangover symptoms |
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What causes ethanol hypoglycemia?
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ethanol metab --> increased NADH/NAD ratio
pushes pyruvate --> lactate oxaloacetate --> malate gluconeogenesis inhibited, fatty acid synth stimulated --> hypoglycemia and steatosis lactate --> acidosis loss of oxaloacetate --> TCA shutdown and ketosis more malate --> increased NADPH and FA synth |
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What is Kwashiorkor?
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Malnutrition (protein)
Edema Anemia Liver (fatty) skin lesions low apolipoprotein synth |
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What is marasmus?
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energy malnutrition --> muscle wasting, subQ fat loss
variable edema |
