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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Animal foods such as meat and eggs are almost 100% protien. tf
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False, animal foods, such as meat and eggs contain some protein, lipids, and water.
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foods made from processed soybeans can sources of high quality protein. TF
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True, foods made from processed soybeans can be sources of high quality protein
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Americans typicallly consume more protein from animal than plant sources
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true, the typical american eats more protein from animal sources.
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registerd dietitians generally recommend that healthy people take amino acids supplements to increase their protein intake. tf
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false, registerd dietitians generally do not recommend that healthy people take aino acids supplements to increase their protein intake
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people can nourish their hair by using shampoo that contains protein. tf
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false people cannot feed thier hair by using shampoo that contains protein. Hair is not a living tissue.
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What are proteins? Complex organic molecules composed of
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carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Also contain nitrogen.
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The human body contains an estimated....different proteins
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200,000
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The body uses proteins to make or function as...
new.... and many components of... structures such as..... ... ... ... ... Compounds that help maintain ... and ...balance certain .... and ....... .... minor, under usual conditions |
cells, components of cells
hair and nails enzymes lubricants clotting compounds antibodies fluid, ph balance homones ad neurotransmiters energy source |
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Types of functions of proteins
All cells in te body contain proteins. Specific types of proteins include... |
Structural
Contractile Pigment Clotting |
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Structural proteins in
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cartilage, ligaments, bones, hair, skin, and nails (collagen, keratin)
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Contractile proteins that
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enable muscles to move
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Pigment proteins such as.... determine
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melanin determine color of eyes, hair, and skin
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Clotting protiens that are
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needed for blood clotting
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Certain hormones are proteins. Hormones are...
examples? |
Chemical messengers that regulate body processes and responses. (peptide hormones) insulin and glucagon)
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Enzymes are proteins. Compounds that
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Compounds that speed up (catalyze) chemical reactions without becoming part of the products.
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Transport proteins. Oxygen and many nutrients are transported in blood by special proteins
Hemoglobin Hb- Myoglobin Mb- |
Hb- Iron containing blood protein that can bind 4O2 molecules
Mb- intramuscular protein that can bind 2O2 molecules |
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Fluid balance and proteins
Proteins (...) in blood help |
albumin in blood help maintain the proper distribution of fluidds within bloodstream and body tissues
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Acid base balance
Blood and tissue fluid must maintain a pH of |
maintaining the proper pH of body fluids
7.35 to 7.45 |
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Acidic
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having an excess of H+
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too basic
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not enough H+
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Proteins act as buffers by ...
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accepting or releasing H+
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Protein are made of smaller units called
How many different aa in human proteins |
Amino Acids
20 |
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Each amino acid is composed of
1.2.3. |
1. an amino (or nitrogen-containing group) amino group has nitrogen bonded to 2 hydrogen atoms
2. Rgroup (side chain)- varies with each AA 3. Acid group- acid portion contains (-OH) |
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L configuration of AAs are often...
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active forms not the D-isomers
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NH2
CH3 O C -OH C H |
amino group
Rgourp acid group |
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Essential Amino Acids (EAAs)
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Cannot be made by the body- must be supplied by the diet
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nonessential amino acids NEAAs
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can be made by the body
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9 of the 20 aa
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essential amino acids
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11 of the 20 aa
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Nonessential amino acids
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EAAs
PVT TIM HaLL |
Phenylalanine, Valine, Tryptophan
Threonine, Isoleucine, Methionine Histidine, a, Leucine, Lysine |
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NEAA
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AAAAGGGCS Proline, Tryosine
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plant foods that are good sources of protein
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seds, tree nuts, and legumes
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what are legumes
examples |
plants that produce pods with a single row of seeds
soybeans, peas, peanuts, lentils, and beans |
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High quality protein (complete protein)
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Contains all 9 EAAs in amounts that support growth
Most animal products (whey, egg whites have the highest BV) High quality plant foods: quinoa and processed soy |
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super green
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spirulina is a complete plant PRO but with lower levels ofMet, Cys, and Lys than animal PROs
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Low qualit protein (incomplete protein)
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Lacks or has inadequate amounts of 1 or more EAA
Most plant foods and gelatin (animal tissue byproduct) |
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How does your body synthesize protein
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Cells assemble the 20 amino acids in specific sequences according to information provided in DNA
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amino acids are connected by
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peptide bonds
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Peptides
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chains of less than 15 amino acids
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Polypeptides
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proteins made of greater than 50 amino acids (most naturally occurring proteins)
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peptide bond
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connects the amino acids
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Protein synthesis
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DNA to mRNA to protein
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DNA to mRNA
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Transcription (nucleus)
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mRNA to Protein
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Translation (cytosol)
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If the ....... the wrong amino acid may be inserted into a protein, causing detrimental effects, such as defective hemoglobin.
.... is an inheerited condition that affects red blood cells |
DNA code is faulty
Sickle cell anemia |
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Protein Denaturation
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Permanently altering a proteins natural shape and function by exposing it to various conditions.
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Some conditions that can cause denaturation
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Heat, Acid, HCL, Physical agitation
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Protein digestion and absorption
Begins in the stomach... |
HCL acid denatures proteins. The enzyme pepsin digests proteins ino smaller polypeptides.
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Protein digestion and absorption
Polypeptides enter the small intestine... |
The enzymes trypsin and chymotrypsin break down polypeptides into shorter peptides and individual AAs
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Protein digestion an absorption
PRO is Abs in the si.... |
Individual AAs and some di/tripeptides are transported into abs. cells where complete digestion occurs, PRO digestion is very efficient and little ends up being excreted in healthy people
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Stomach
proteins undergo |
denaturation by stomach acid and partial digestion by pepsin
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small intestine
further digestion occurs as the |
pancreas secretes protein splitting enzymes, including trypsin and chymotripsin
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small intestinal cells
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final digestion occurs within absorptive cells
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liver. After being absorbed ...
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Amino acids enter the portal vein and travel to the liver
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rectum
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very little dietary protein is excreted in feces
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Protein Turnover
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breaking down old or unneeded proteins in to amino acids and recycling the amino acids
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amino acid pool
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aa that have not been incorportaed into proteins
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endogenous amino acids
exogenous proteins |
those available from the aa pool
those from dietary sources |
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Transamination
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transfer of amine group (-NH) from a donor AA to an acceptor c-skeleton, forming a new AA. Occurs mainly in the liver
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Deamination
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removal of amine group from an unneeded AA with the left over c-skeleton being converted to CHO/FAT to be burnt for energy. Increases during starvation and glycogen depletion mainly in the liver.
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Deamination and Urea Formation
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Ammonia (NH3) is converted to urea that the kidneys excrete in urine.
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Nitrogen balance (or nitrogen equilibrium)
positive nitrogen balance negative nitrogen balance |
balancing nitrogen intake with nitrogen losses
body retains more nitrogen than it loses body loses more nitrogen than it retains |
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Positive nigrogen balance occurs during
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growth, pregnancy, recovery from illness, and as a result of certain homones and resistance exercise
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nitrogen equalibrium
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occurs when healthy adults meet protein and energy needs
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negative nitrogen balance
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degrease protein intake, blood loss, kidney disease, bed rest, fever, injuries, burns, or increase thyroid hormone or cortisol
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Protein RDA
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.8 g/kg body weight
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International society sport nutrition
stregth power athletes endurance athletes kids |
1.6 to 2
1 to 1.6 1.5g/kg |
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post resistance training dose
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20 to 30 g hight quality/quick digestible pro source
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determin RDA of person
step 1 step 2 |
convert weight in lb to kg (divide by 2.2)
multiply by 0.8 and recieve the amount in grams for RDA per day |
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Allergy is
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an inflammatory response resulting when bodys immune system reacts inappropriately to a substance that is typically harmless.
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Most food allergens are proteins that...
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escape digestion and are absorbed as whole proteins
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common food allergens
protein rich foods nonproteins |
cows milk eggs, peanuts, wheat, soybeans, fish and shellfish
food dyes, sulfites (preservatives added to wine, potatoes and shrimp) |
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% of children
most children outgrow their allergies by age... what allergies are typically not outgrown % of adults |
6% of children and outgrow by age 5. (nuts, seafood, and wheat are typically not outgrown)
3-4 adults |
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treatment of food allergies
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avoid, read, educate
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emergency treatmet for ... may involve injecting a special medication
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anaphylaxis (anaphylactic shock)
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...Protein found in gluten of wheat, buckwheat, barley, and rye. Triggers...... . conditions called .....
symptoms... treatment.. |
Gliadin, inflammatory response in si. condition called celiac disease
chronic diarrhea, weight loss, and poor growth in children avoid gluten containing foods |
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What is PKU?
... disorder affects..... caused by.... if undiagnosed, infant will develop .... by first birthday |
PHenylketonuria
genetic disorder affects 1/10,000 to 1/15,000 infants caused by lack of enzyme that converts the amino acid phenylalanine to another compound if undiagnosed, infant will develop mental retardation by first bithday |
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Low Phenylalanine Diet
infancy childhood and adult years |
infancy- phenylalanine free formula and low phenylalanine foods
childhood and adult years Allowed: fruits, vegetables, and special low-phenylalanine foods Avoided: nuts, milk and milk products, eggs, meats, as well as foods and beverages containing aspartame (e.g. nutrasweet or equal) |
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MyPlate: Recommendation for Protein Intake
choose lean or low fat meat and poultry. Lean cuts of beef include... lean cuts of pork include... groud beef should be extra lean. at least % lean trim visible fat from meats organic or grass fed red meats, vegetarian free rance poultry/dairy products |
round steaks, top round, loin, top sirloin, chuck and arm roasts
loin, tenderloin, and center loin 90% lean |
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Do Nutrition Facts panel provide information concerning protein quality?
How should you judge protein quality? |
No
judge protein quality by reviewing items in the ingredient list. |
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How to eat well for less...
substitute eggs, milk, cheese, and yogurt for.... make meals that contain ....animal proteins and.... plant proteins extend cereal proteins with.... include more.... in meals while reducing ..... |
meat, fish, or poultry
less animal proteins and more plant proteins eggs and milk include more legumes in meals while reducing meat content. |
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complementary combinations....
Amino Acids often low or limiting in plant proteins ... |
mixing certain plant foods to provide all essential amino acids without adding animal proteins
tryptophan, threonine, lysine, and methionine |
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two complementary dishe
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peanut butter on bread
couscous with chickpeas grain plus legume... |
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Types of Vegetarians
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Lactovegetarian
ovovegetarian lactoovovegetarian vegan |
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lactovegetarian
ovovegetarian lactoovovegetarian vegan |
consumes milk and milk products
consumes eggs conumse eggs, milk and milk products consumes only plant foods |
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pros vs cons of vetarianism
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pros- tend to weight less, have less heart disease, often exercise more, meditate for relaxation, and avoid tobacco and alcohol
cons- if diets are poorly planned they may lack calories, highquality protein, omega3 fatty acids, vitamins B12 and D, zinc, iron, and calcium. |
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Vegetarian Children
Vegetarian teens (pros and cons) |
Children- may be difficult to get adequate protein and energy, because plant foods tend to be filling. Need to monitor growth rate
Teens - pros- more fruits and veg consumed cons- may be at risk of anorexia nervosa |
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Vegetarian women
pregnant breastfeeding |
pregnant may need vitamin B12 supplements
Breastfeeding- development delay in child if breast milk is lacking B12 |
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Excessive meat intake
High protein weight loss diets? |
may increase risk of heart disease and cancers of the colon/rectum and possibly prostate
weight loss diets- decrease feeling of hunger and increase sense of fullness. |
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protein deficiency is uncommon in the us but may occur in
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elderly or low income people
persons with alcoholism, anorexia nervosa, or intestinal tract disorders |
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undernutrition (results from chronic lack of food or poor food choices
Kwashiorkor definition and characterized by Marasmus |
adequate energy intake but intake of high quality protein is low ...edema in abdomen, lower legs, and feet
starvation-extreme weight loss |
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how to increase muscle mass?
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resistance training is the only safe and reliable way
protein/amino acids supplements are not needed |
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Protein supplements
Healthy people adapt to protein intakes higher than the AMDR with no problem Best to avoid supplements with.... .... ... |
individual amino acids (gi tract meant to abs. large intact proteins found in food.
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Some beneficial AAs
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Beta hydroxy beta methybutyic acid (HMB)
L-Theanine (in great tea) Nacetyl-cysteine NAC S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) |
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all
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done
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