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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Organoleptic Analysis
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An examination using one or more of the senses
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Signs of Maturity in Hay
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Presence of seed heads, stems, and coarsness are signs of maturity. Mature hay is less digestible and of lower nutritional value.
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Leafiness of Hay
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Leaves have most of the protein and nutrients (vs stems), so leaves have a higher nutritional value.
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Organoleptic Analysis of Silage
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Check particle length, ratio of grain to forage, maturity.
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Foreign Materials in Hay
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Watch for soil, weeds, trash, blister beetles.
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Which cut of hay is least nutritious?
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First cutting - it has been allowed to mature more and has more seed heads/blooms.
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First Cut Hay
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Coarse, low leaf to stem ratio, lots of seedheads
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Second Cut Hay
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High leaf to stem ratio, smaller stems, fewer seedheads, fluffy, softer
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Textured Vegetable Protein
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A soy product made of defatted soy flour. It is extruded and used as a replacement for meat in pet foods. Has 50-70% protein. Good source of amino acids, highly digestible (especially when combined with animal protein.)
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Blister Beetle Toxicity
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In horses - present in hay (alfalfa) after mid-summer, contain cantharidin (a toxin.) Signs are anorexia, colic, myocardial failure, death due to shock (similar to cyanide/strychnine toxicity.)
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Cantharidin
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Toxin produced by blister beetles. Ingesting as few as 25 beetles can lead to toxicity.
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Hay Color
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Brown vs black vs green (= an indication of high nutritive value because hay has not been rained on.)
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Carotenes in Pet Food
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A natural color that makes kibbles orange
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Azo and non-azo dyes in pet food
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Chemical colors used in pet foods
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Iron oxide
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Used to color pet foods red. Does NOT act as a source of iron for animals.
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Odor of hay and grains
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Smell for fresh vs moldy hay
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Cooked/Tobacco Odor of Silage
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Heat damage or air leaks in the silo
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Rancid milk odor of silage
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clostridial fermentation (butyric acid)
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Vinegar odor of silage
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Low lactic acid and high acetic acid
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Alcohol odor of silage
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Fermentation of CHO to alcohol by yeast
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Types of Silos
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Upright silo (air-tight), bunker silo, bag silo
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Storage Conditions for Commercial Feeds
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Should be cool (<70F), dry (<15% moisture), with a first in first out rotation
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Moisture content (%) of moist pet foods
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60 - 87% water
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Moisture content (%) of semimoist pet foods
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~30%
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moisture content (%) of dry pet foods
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3 - 11%
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Size of a representative sample of hay
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3/4 - 1 lb from 10 bales, or 10% of them
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How far into a bale should a hay corer be inserted?
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At least halfway into the bale.
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Size of a representative sample of silage
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10 - 15 scoop samples, or 1-2 lbs for analysis using a corer.
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Samples of silage should NOT be collected for analysis within ________ of ensiling.
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2 weeks
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When sampling silage, which layer should NOT be sampled?
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The spoiled top layer
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How should samples of silage for analysis be stored?
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In an airtight bag
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Grazing Height
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The height of stubble remaining in a pasture after grazing.
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Size of a representative sample from a pasture
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Around 1 lb made up of handfuls of forage clipped (at grazing height) from 12 - 20 random sites in a pasture.
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How should samples of pasture be prepared before being sent for analysis?
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They should be cut into 1-2" strips and stored overnight.
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Proximate Analysis
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Use of this is legaly mandated in US, Europe to determine nutrient concentrations. It is the guaranteed analysis on food labels.
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6 Components of Feed Defined in Proximate Analysis
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Dry matter content, crude protein, eter extract, ash, crude fiber, nitrogen free extract
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Dry Matter
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Sum of weights of all nutrients except water. Sample is weighed, then placed in an oven or microwave at 100 - 150C. Once water has evaporated, sample is weight again.
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Faults in Measure of Dry Matter
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Loss of volatile substances (VFA's) can cause DM to be underestimated
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As Fed
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Includes moisture and weights of all nutrients of feedstuff
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Conversion of As Fed to Dry Matter
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Nutrient Concentration on As Fed basis (%) / Dry Matter (%) = Nutrient Content on Dry Matter Basis
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Conversion of Dry Matter to As Fed
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Nutrient Concentration on Dry Matter Basis (%) x Dry Matter = Nutrient Concentration on As Fed Basis
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Crude Protein
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Measure the N content of feed through Kjeldahl analysis, then convert to protein by multiplying N by 6.25. Widely used for pet foods, applicable to ruminants that utilize all forms of N.
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Average protein contains _____% N.
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16
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Faults in Crude Protein Measurement
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Assumes all N comes from protein, doesn't distinguish protein coming from NPN vs high quality sources.
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Ether Extract (Crude Fat)
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Extraction of feedstuffs with diethyl ether. Fat is soluble in ether, so EE = fats.
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Ether Soluble Materials
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Lipids, Fats, Fatty Acid Esters, Fat-Soluble Vitamins and Provitamins
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Non-protein Nitrogen
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Urea, Amides, Ammonium Salts
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Ash
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Residue after all the combustible organic materials have been burned off (minerals.)
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Faults in Ash Measure
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Some mineral elements are volatile and are lost during ashing (I, Se), so it may underestimate mineral content.
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Crude Fiber
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Feed is exposed to an acid, then a base so that indigestible components/fiber are left. Ruminants can digest large portions of CF, non-ruminants cannot.
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Faults in Crude Fiber Measurement
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Estimates mainly cellulose, some lignin. Acid and base solubilize some fiber, so soluble fiber content (pectins, gums) and some hemicellulose is underestimated.
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Nitrogen-free Extract
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Digestible carbohydrates (starches, sugars.)
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Calculation of Nitrogen-free Extract
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100 - (Moisture + Crude Protein + ash + Ether Extract + Crude Fiber)
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Faults in Nitrogen-free Extract Calculation
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May contain some hemicellulose, lignin, pectin, gums. The NFE fraction of grain is utilized by all species (low fiber content) and that from forages is less well utilized (high fiber content.)
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Van Soest Analysis
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1960s, determines fiber content by sequential use of detergents on a forage
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Neutral Detergent Solubles
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Cell content like protein, lipids, starch, sugars, organic acids, minerals, vitamins, pectins
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Neutral Detergent Fiber
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Cell wall: hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin; good indicator of "bulk" and thus feed intake. Animals consume less as NDF increases. Increases as plant matures.
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Acid Detergent Soluble
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Hemicellulose
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Acid Detergent Fiber
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Cellulose, Lignin, Heat Damaged Protein; increases as plant matures. As ADF increases, digestibility decreases - good indicator of digestibility and therefore energy intake.
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Heat Damaged Protein
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Unavailable protein, an acid detergent fiber
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Immature Hay has lower ____ and ____.
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ADF (more easily digestible) and NDF (more readily consumed)
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Near Infrared Spectroscopy
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Rapid, low-cost computerized method for forages and grains. Feed is ground up and shines a light through it. Components of feed absorb or reflect lights of different wavelengths.
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Advantages of Near Infrared Spectroscopy
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Fast (20 s/sample), relatively cheap, can do mostly lipid, protein, fiber, moisture, Ca, P, salt
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Disadvantages of Near Infrared Spectroscopy
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Calibration samples must be available for every type of feed to be used. Samples with at least as much variation as the test samples must be available for calibration.
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Mineral Analysis
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Atomic absorption spectroscopy, near infrared spectroscopy, calorimetric methods
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