Nusc Exam 4

Front 1

electrolytes

Back 1

positively and negatively charged ions that conduct current in solution

Front 2

most common electrolytes (elements)

Back 2

Na, K, Cl

Front 3

what happens to electrolytes after processing

Back 3

high sodium and low potassium

Front 4

functions of electrolytes (4)

Back 4

regulate fluid balance, nerve conduction, muscle contraction, blood pressure regulation

Front 5

polarity

Back 5

molecule that has a positive charge on one end and a negative one on the other

Front 6

blood is __% water

Back 6

90%

Front 7

functions of water (4)

Back 7

transport oxygen/nutrients, lubricate and cleanse, regulate body temp, metabolic reactionsh

Front 8

how does water regulate body temp (3)

Back 8

water holds onto heat, can increase/decrease amount of heat lost by skin thru blood vessels, sweat

Front 9

2 types of metabolic reactions water is involved in

Back 9

hydrolysis and condensation

Front 10

hydrolysis

Back 10

breaks molecules into small ones by adding water

Front 11

condensation

Back 11

joins 2 molecules together, hydrogen and oxygen are bi-products (form water)

Front 12

osmosis

Back 12

passive movement of water thru a semi-permeable membrane. equalizes concentrations on either side of membrane

Front 13

extracellular fluid

Back 13

fluid outside of cells (1/3 of water found here)

Front 14

intracellular fluid

Back 14

fluid inside cells (2/3 of water found here)

Front 15

intercellular (interstitial) fluid

Back 15

extracellular fluid located in spaces between cells

Front 16

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Back 16

secreted by pituitary gland, increase amount of water reabsorbed by kidneys (retained in body)

Front 17

function of kidneys

Back 17

regulate amount of water excreted in urine

Front 18

aldosterone

Back 18

hormone that increases sodium reabsorption and thus increases water retention

Front 19

how is water absorbed

Back 19

in GI tract by osmosis

Front 20

hypertension

Back 20

high blood pressure (over 140/90 mmHg)

Front 21

what increases risk of hypertension

Back 21

high sodium

Front 22

DASH (whats its stand for and whats it do)

Back 22

dietary approaches to stop hypertension. used to find foods that affect high blood pressure

Front 23

minerals (3) what are they

Back 23

inorganic elements. needed as body structural component and regulators of body process. may combine with things but retain chemical identity

Front 24

major minerals

Back 24

needed in body in amounts greater than 100mg/day

Front 25

trace minerals

Back 25

needed in body in amounts less than 100 mg/day

Front 26

are minerals from plant or animals sources better absorbed and why

Back 26

animal sources better absorbed because plants have substances that bind to minerals (making them less absorbable)

Front 27

substances that bind to minerals limiting absorption (3)

Back 27

phytates, tannins, oxalate

Front 28

what is the hardest and strongest structure in body

Back 28

bone (b/c of minerals)

Front 29

2 types of bone

Back 29

cortical and trabecular

Front 30

cortical bone (3)

Back 30

80% of skeleton. forms sturdy dense outer surface area. aka compact bone

Front 31

trabecular bone (3)

Back 31

forms inner lattice. lines bone marrow cavity. aka spongy bone

Front 32

osteoblasts

Back 32

forms bones

Front 33

osteoclasts

Back 33

breaks down bone

Front 34

peak bone mass

Back 34

when maximum bone density is reached and formation slows down

Front 35

osteoporosis

Back 35

bone disorder characterized by a reduction in bones mass, increases in bone fragility, increased risk of fracture

Front 36

post menopausal bone loss

Back 36

accelerated bone loss that occurs around menopause

Front 37

what is the most abundant mineral in body

Back 37

calcium

Front 38

functions of calcium (3)

Back 38

provide structure to bones/teeth, regulatory roles, blood pressure regulation

Front 39

__________ is needed for active transport and absorption of calcium

Back 39

vitamin D

Front 40

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Back 40

increased blood calcium levels

Front 41

calcitonin

Back 41

reduces blood calcium levels

Front 42

function of phosphorous (4)

Back 42

rigidity of bones, cell membrane structure, ATP, DNA/RNA

Front 43

sources of phosphorous

Back 43

dairy products, meats, cereals, eggs

Front 44

magnesium function (4)

Back 44

healthy bone structure, ATP generation, calcium homeostasis, cofactor of over 300 enzymes

Front 45

sources of magnesium (2)

Back 45

leafy greens, chlorophyll

Front 46

sulfur function (2)

Back 46

protein synthesis, ATP production

Front 47

source of sulfur

Back 47

protein foods (meat)

Front 48

hemoglobin

Back 48

iron containing component in blood

Front 49

myoglobin

Back 49

iron containing component in muscle

Front 50

which type of iron comes from which sources and which is more easily absorbed

Back 50

heme iron is from animals - more efficiently absorbed. nonheme iron is from plants

Front 51

function of iron (2)

Back 51

deliver oxygen to cells, ATP production

Front 52

ferritin

Back 52

iron storage protein

Front 53

transferrin

Back 53

iron transport protein in blood

Front 54

hemosiderin

Back 54

stores iron when ferritin is full

Front 55

iron deficiency anemia

Back 55

hemoglobin cannot be produced so there is inadequate oxygen deliver to tissues

Front 56

hemochromoatosis

Back 56

iron overload condition. inherited, causes increased iron absorption

Front 57

most abundant trace element

Back 57

zinc

Front 58

which source of zinc is better absorbed

Back 58

animal products

Front 59

zinc function (3)

Back 59

enzymatic reactions, gene expression, making superoxide dismutaste

Front 60

superoxide dismutaste

Back 60

protects cells from free radical damage

Front 61

metallothionein

Back 61

protein that binds metals (binds to zinc and copper making them less absorbable)

Front 62

food sources of copper

Back 62

organ meat

Front 63

function of copper (4)

Back 63

iron/lipid metabolism, connective tissue synthesis, heart muscle maintenance, immune and central nervous system health

Front 64

_______ can decrease the bioavailability of copper (why?)

Back 64

zinc. a lot of zinc synthesizes a lot of metallothionein which also binds to cppper

Front 65

ceruloplasmin

Back 65

copper-carrying protein in blood

Front 66

food sources of manganese

Back 66

whole grains, legumes, nuts

Front 67

function of manganese (2)

Back 67

constituent of some enzymes and activator of others. needed to make superoxide dismutase (makes 1 form, Cu and Zn make other)

Front 68

selenium function

Back 68

prevents a heart disorder (common in china)

Front 69

selenoproteins function (2)

Back 69

selenium proteins. protects from oxidative damage, helps thyroid gland function

Front 70

selenium content of food depends on ______

Back 70

selenium content of soil where its grown/ fed to animals

Front 71

symptoms of selenium toxicity

Back 71

brittle hair, brittle thick nails, garlic odor on breath/skin

Front 72

keshan disease

Back 72

selenium deficiency. heart muscle disease

Front 73

iodine function (2)

Back 73

synthesis of thyroid hormone. gene expression

Front 74

goiter

Back 74

iodine deficiency, enlarged thyroid

Front 75

cretinism

Back 75

results from poor iodine in mom during pregnancy, kids don't develop properly

Front 76

goitrogens

Back 76

limit bioavailability of iodine

Front 77

fluoride function

Back 77

dental health

Front 78

fluorosis

Back 78

fluoride toxicity. mottled teeth. stained/pitted teeth

Front 79

fitness

Back 79

ability to perform physical activity without undue fatigue

Front 80

overload principle

Back 80

concept that you body will adapt to stress placed it

Front 81

aerobic exercise

Back 81

endurance exercise. anything that increase heart rate and requires oxygen in metabolism

Front 82

cardiorespiratory endurance

Back 82

how efficiently body delivers nutrients to cells

Front 83

aerobic capacity (what it is and another name for it)

Back 83

bodys maximum ability to generate ATP by aerobic metabolism during exercise. aka VO2 max

Front 84

hypertrophy

Back 84

muscles adapt to stress and increase in size and strength

Front 85

atrophy

Back 85

when muscles arent used they become smaller and weaker

Front 86

stroke volume

Back 86

amount of blood pumped with each heartbeat