Nursing Theories And Conceptual Frameworks

Front 1

American Medical Association (AMA)

Back 1

227,000 physicians in the US

27% are a part of the AMA

*Very Powerful Lobbyist group

Front 2

American Nursing Association

Back 2

3.1-3.5M RN's in US

ONLY 10,000 belong to ANA (1/310= 0.027%)

Front 3

Florida (FNA/ FMA)

Back 3

295,000 RN's/ 2 lobbyists in Tallahassee

47,000 Physicians (20,000 belong to FMA) 22/23= 45 lobbyists in Tallahassee

Front 4

BSNs affect in hospitals

Back 4

Every 5%↑ of BSN's in a facility, there is a significant ↓ in complications for the patients in the hospitals

Front 5

Nursing Science

*If nursing doesn't change then nursing will become obsolete

Back 5

• Nurses identify the unique body of knowledge that is essential to nsg. practice
• Nursesmust develop and recognize concepts and theories specific to nursing
• Theorieswere developed and used before nursing theories
• Helpfulto explore how theory has been used by those disciplines before consideringtheory in nursing
• Research and theory together produce nursing science (Tomey)

Front 6

Theory

*Main function of theory is to guide research

Back 6

•Definedas a system of ideas presumed to explain a given phenomenon

*THEORIES ARE NOT FACTS

Front 7

Practice Discipline

Back 7

Field of study that where the performance of a professional role is focused

-Not common use until end of 20th century

•usefulnesscomes from:

•Helpingto interpret phenomenon from unique perspectives

•Buildingnew understandings, relationships, and possibilities

Front 8

Metaparadigm

Back 8

-Concept that can be superimposed on almost any work in nursing

• Clients/ person
  
• Environment
  
• Health
  
• Nursing
  

Front 9

Conceptual framework

Back 9

Group of related ideas, statements, or concepts

(ex. Freud's structure of the mind- id, ego and superego)

Front 10

Mid-range nursing theories

Back 10

*focus on the exploration of concepts

• Pain, self-esteem, and learning

narrower focus and much more concrete- "More precise & focus on answering precise specific nursing practice questions"

Ex.- How mother's and babies bond; Bullying in schools

Front 11

Paradigm

Back 11

A pattern of shared understandings and assumptions about reality and the world

Front 12

Nsg, Metaparadigm ( Person)

Back 12

Recipient of care

*High School Nurse- recipient of care is the High school; Nurse for the Federal Gov't- Recipient of care is the Federal Gov't

Front 13

Nsg, Metaparadigm (Health)

Back 13

Goal of nursing

"A dynamic state which the developemental and behavioral potential of the individual is realized to the fullest extent possible"

Front 14

Nsg, Metaparadigm (Environment/ situation)

Back 14

Conditions affecting the client and the setting in which the health care needs occur

*Describe

Front 15

Nsg, Metaparadigm (Nursing)

Back 15

is the "Dx and tx of the human responses to actual or potential health problems"

Front 16

Role of Nursing Theory

Back 16

• Links among nursing theory, education, research, and clinical practice
  
• Contributes to knowledge development
• May direct education, research, and practice

Front 17

Beginning of Nursing Theory

Back 17

• Nightengale in the 1860s spoke about the "nature of nursing as a profession that required knowledge distinct from medical knowledge"
• Nightengale's 1st book "Notes on Nursing"
• Mid-1950's Nsg. leaders began to formulate theoretical views of nsg. Graduate nsg programs established

Front 18

Nursing Process (Historical perspective)

Back 18

• Process vs. task
• Interactions between nurse/ patient
  

*NURSING PROCESS IS NOT A THEORY

Theories guide how to apply/ use the nursing process

Front 19

Florence Nightingale 1820-1910

*1860- Founded School of Nursing at St. Thomas Hospital in London

Back 19

• Taught and used the nursing process (wasn't called this at that time)
  
• Directed the nurse to act on behalf of the client
• Descriptive theory- frame of reference: the client and the environment (*Environmental theory pure/fresh air, pure water, efficient drainage, cleanliness, light)
• Believed that nursing was did not require special or uniqueknowledge but was grounded in reason, commonsense and observation
  

Front 20

Dorethea Orem (1914-2007)

Back 20

• 3 related concepts: self-care needs, self-care deficit, and nursing system
• Emphasized client's self-care needs
  
• Goal is to help client perform self-care; increase client's ability to independently meet needs
• Nursing care is needed when client is unable to fulfill biological, psychological, developmental or social needs

Front 21

Dr. Patricia Brenner

Back 21

• Caring the essence of excellent nsg. practice
• Caring means persons, events, projects & things matter to people. A word for being connected
• Worked with J. Wrubel, described the relationship between health, illness, and disease
• *Her new focus "Educate the Educator"

Front 22

Dr. Jean Watson

Back 22

*Developed- Science of Human Caring (described as a philosophy of Nursing/ Caring)

• Described caring from Nsg. Perspective
• Transpersonal caring theory rejects disease orientation to health care, places CARE BEFORE CURE
• A conscious intention to care potentiates healing and wholeness
• An interconnectedness forms between the one caring and the one being cared for, both Nurse and Pt. are influenced (changed), for better or worse.
• TRANSFORMATIVE

Front 23

Dr. Madeleine Leininger (a nurse anthropologist)

*3 intervention modes:

Culture care preservation and maintenance

Culture care accomodation, negotiation, or both

Culture care restructuring and repatterning

Back 23

• Founder of transcultural nursing
• Care is the essence of nursing & the dominant, distinctive, & unifying feature of nursing
• Health and care influenced by elements of social structure
• Cultural care diversity & universality theory
• Transcultural nursing, a term associated with Dr. M. Leininger

Front 24

Jean Watson - 10 clinical caritas

Back 24

Human care referred to as carative factors

1. Embrace altruistic values; practice loving kindness w/ self and others
2. Instill faith and hope and honor others
3. Be sensitive to self and others by nurturing individual beliefs and practices
4. Develop helping-trusting, human relationships
5. Promote and accept positive and negative feelings as you authentically listen to another's story
6. Use creative scientific problem-solving methods for caring decision making
7. Share teaching and learning that addresses the individual needs and comprehension styles
8. Create a healing environment for the physical and spiritual self which respects human dignity
9. Assist with basic physical, emotional and spiritual human needs
10. Open to mystery and allow miracles to enter

Front 25

Critique of Nursing Theory

Back 25

1. No single, global definition of nursing, so how can there be a theory?
2. Existing models are too vague or too complex to guide practice
3. Many theories are untested, they cannot be considered to provide Evidence-based practice
4. Too much interprofessional teamwork and overlapping of health care professional roles suggest that a theory guiding nursing cannot be unique to nursing alone
5. Science and the world changed so much that historically fundamental theories don't fit 21st century nursing practice

Front 26

the living tree of nursing theories

Back 26