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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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independence or freedom, as of the will or one's actions
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autonomy
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the doing of good; active goodness or kindness; charity vs
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Beneficence
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do no harm
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nonmalfecence
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do what is the greatest good for the person whos interest you are considering
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best interest
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judges the morality of an action based on the action's adherence to a rule or rules. rules and duties
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deontology
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is the idea that the moral worth of an action is determined solely by its usefulness in maximizing utility/minimizing negative utility, actions are decided on consequences
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utilitarianism
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is that every individual receives a fair share, treated the same
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distributive justice
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invoked to explain the permissibility of an action that causes a serious harm, such as the death of a human being, as a side effect of promoting some good end. It is claimed that sometimes it is permissible to cause such a harm as a side effect (or “double effect”) of bringing about a good result even though it would not be permissible to cause such a harm as a means to bringing about the same good end
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double effects doctrine
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is a complex situation that will often involve an apparent mental conflict between moral imperatives, in which to obey one would result in transgressing another.
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ethical dilemma
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also known as moral philosophy is a branch of philosophy that addresses questions about morality—that is, concepts such as good and evil, right and wrong, virtue and vice, justice, etc.
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ethical principle
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An informed consent can be said to have been given based upon a clear appreciation and understanding of the facts, implications, and future consequences of an action. In order to give informed consent, the individual concerned must have adequate reasoning faculties and be in possession of all relevant facts at the time consent is given
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informed consent
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(Justice Ethics-deciding using morals that are cold and calculating refraining from using emotions or empathy to decide…like men do vs Care Ethics-deciding using morals based on feelings, empathy, relationships, like a women does
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moral development
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duty of care confirmed, breach of care, causation, and harm
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negligence
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attitudes or political systems that are thought to deprive individuals of freedom and responsibility, only nominally serving their interests, while in fact pursuing another agenda which is directly against the interests of the individuals
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paternalism
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The Code of Ethics for Nurses was developed as a guide for carrying out nursing responsibilities in a manner consistent with quality in nursing care and the ethical obligations of the profession
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Professional Code of Nursing (ANA & ICN
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want best for yourself-is the view that humans are always motivated by self-interest, even in what seem to be acts of altruism. It claims that, when people choose to help others, they do so ultimately because of the personal benefits that they themselves expect to obtain, directly or indirectly, from doing so. It is a non-normative view, since it only makes claims about how things are, not how they ought to be
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Psychological Egoism
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you want the best for all
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Psychological Hedonism-
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a protest towards absolutist ethics. It acknowledges the existence of moral rights. Those rights include: liberty rights and welfare rights.
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rights ethics
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is an absolute or relative ethical value, the assumption of which can be the basis for ethical action.
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values
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taking away treatment
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withdrawing treatment
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-never giving
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Withholding Treatment
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Each individual in the sampling frame (all subjects in the population) has an equal chance of being chosen.
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Simple random
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This sampling procedure involves drawing every Nth element from a population
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systematic
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Determine the relevant strata in a population; sample a number of people in each stratum; the number in the sample should be the same as the proportion of the group in the total population. After you choose the strata and proportions, choose the subjects within each of the categories according to random sampling methods.
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stratified random
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D. Divide the population into groups (clusters); randomly derive your sample from the list of clusters. Sample all subjects in each chosen cluster, or sample randomly selected subjects from each cluster.
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Cluster
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E. This major category of sampling is rigorous and requires that every element in the population have an equal chance (a random chance) of being selected for inclusion in the sample.
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probability
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This major category of sampling provides no way of estimating the probability that each element will be included in the sample. With this approach, the results will be representative of your sample only and cannot be generalized to the accessible population
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nonprobability
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This type of sampling allows the use of any available group of research subjects.
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accidental or convenience
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A kind of sampling that involves subjects suggesting other subjects to the researcher, so that the sampling process gains momentum.
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snowball or network
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In this type of sampling, the researcher selects a particular group or groups based on certain criteria. The researcher uses his or her judgement to decide who is representative of the population.
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purposive
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This sampling strategy is not random and may or may not sample proportions representative of the population. The researcher makes a decision, based on judgement, about the best type of sample for the study. Then the researcher decides what the strata are, depending on the variables that might affect the dependent variable being investigated. Thus, the researcher is aiming for more control than is possible with accidental, or convenience, sampling.
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quota
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These are visual models or diagrams of categories and relationships in the analysis.
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cognitive maps
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A theory grounded in empirical data. The researcher uses a method of constant comparison and coding to develop a complex explanation of conditions, consequences, strategies, phases, ranges, and other relationships among the classes of variables discovered in the data.
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grounded theory
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This involves devising novel categories suggested to the analyst by “interrogating” the data to organize it.
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analytic description
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Numbers that report the frequency and distribution of categories assigned to the data.
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descriptive statistics
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A specific procedure for analyzing unstructured qualitative data. It is one way of categorizing verbal or behavioral data, and it requires analytic thinking and creativity in the researcher.
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content analysis
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A criterion for evaluation in grounded theory and other qualitative studies. The term refers to the goal of richness and complexity that involves numerous concepts, properties, dimensions, phases etc.
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dense
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In grounded theory studies the often unarticulated problem that a group faces in their daily lives/work. This problem is resolved by a basic social psychological process
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basic psychological problem
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Used in phenomenology, this term refers to the study of selected experience as it is lived by individuals.
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"lived experience"
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A scale that is “ordered;” the numbers assigned to the data have the characteristics of ordered categories. However, there are equidistant intervals between categories.
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ordinal scale
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This specifies all the potential measurement divisions into which a variable might fall; includes at least two categories, is exhaustive, and is mutually exclusive.
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measurement scale
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These statistics organize, summarize, and present information in a usable, understandable form. Examples are frequencies, measures of central tendency, and measures of variance and correlations.
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descriptive statistics
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A frequently used nonparametric test statistic. It is used for testing hypotheses with nominal data.
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Chi-square
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Analytic tools that allow you to show that something is more or less likely to occur according to the laws of chance or probability.
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statistics
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F. An inferential statistical procedure that can be used to compare two or more groups by calculating an F ratio.
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analysis of variance
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A process of assigning numerical values to concepts under investigation and is equivalent to actual value plus or minus error.
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measurement
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These statistics are concerned with making inferences about populations based on samples taken from them.
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inferential statistics
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This scale has rank ordering of measure, equal intervals between measures, and an absolute zero point.
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ratio scale
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The size of a number in a statistical table that your calculated number must exceed to reject the explanation that differences are due to chance.
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critical value
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The most primitive and least precise measurement scale. This scale arbitrarily assigns some number to represent the categories into which an attribute or quality can be sorted.
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nominal scale
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This scale has an inherent ordering of categories and the possible measures along an interval scale are equidistant form one another.
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interval scale
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The graphic or visual presentation of a correlation between two variables.
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scatter plot
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A symmetrical, unimodal curve; also called a bell-shaped curve because the greatest frequency of numbers is at the center.
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normal curve
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This test involves calculating the difference between two means and is used in a within-subjects design or with independent groups. The test may be one- or two-tailed depending on if you can predict the direction of difference between populations
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t test
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These tests have three important requirements: (1) they involve the estimation of at least one parameter, (2) they require measurements on at least an interval-level of measurement scale, and (3) they involve the assumption that the variables are normally distributed (according to a bell-shaped curve) in the population, suggesting that a sample size of at least 20 subjects per cell is essential.
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parametric statistics
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This statistic (1) can be used with nominal and ordinal measurements, and (2) can be used when the sample size is small and there is no way to assume that the scores follow a bell-shaped curve or normal distribution.
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nonparametric statistics
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R. These test help the investigator locate exactly where the significant difference lies after a significant F ratio has been obtained. For example, if you compare three groups and obtain an F ratio that is significant enough to reject the null hypothesis of equal means, you still do not know which of the means are different from the others.
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Post hoc multiple comparison tests
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if you add another person to the sample they will be repeating the same information you already have
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information redundancy
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no matter how many new subjects you add to the study you will not have any more theories added
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information saturation
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dependent variable must be measured at an interval or ratio level
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Parametric
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used for nominal or ordinal OR with interval measurements that are not normally distributed
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Nonparametric
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