Nursing Science 1

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Organelles

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Internal parts of cell

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Cytoplasm

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Gel like substance organelles float in

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Nucleus

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Control center of cell

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Chromosome

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Contains genes inside nucleus

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Er

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Network of 2 blank structures found through the cytoplasm. Helps exchange materials

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Smooth er

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Makes new membranes and neutralizes toxins

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Rough er

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Rinses on it. Modifies and transports protein

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Ribosome

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Builds protiens

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Lysomoes

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Helps digests food to mitochondria

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Mitochondria

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Converts food to energy. Powerhouse of the cell

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Atp

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A chemical the cell uses to store and transfer energy within itself.

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Golgi bodies

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Modifies and packages protiens

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Plasma membrane

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Separates the contents of the cell from the interstital fluid

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Interstital fluid

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Solution thay bathes and surrounds cells

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Difference between animal and plant cells

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No cell wall or chloroplast

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Chloroplast

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Captures the energy from sun

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Vacuole

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Secretion, excretion and storage

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Mitosis

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Cell nucleus divides into 2 new nuclei.

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Zygote

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The fertilized egg

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Meiosis

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Produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms

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Tissues

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Cells with common structure and function.

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Four different types of tissues

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Muscle, epithelial, nervous, connective

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Muscle tissue consists of

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Skeletal, cardia, smooth

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Epithelial tissue consists of

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Skin, lining of the organs

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Nervous tissue consists of

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Neurons

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Connective tissue consists of

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Cartlidge, blood, fat and bones

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What is a organ

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Various tissues combined

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Organ system

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Made up of a number of organs working together

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What is highest level of organization

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Organism

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Evolution.

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A theory regarding the process thay we have produced the biological diversity

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Natural selection.

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Process by which the traits that promote the ability to survive and reproduce are passed onto following generations

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Adaption

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Best suited for their environment survive and is passed on

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Fossil record

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Consists of remains of organisms from pasted geological ages

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Vertebrates

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Animals with backbones

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Order of vertebrates

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Fish, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, birds

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Biological geography

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The geological distribution of plants and animals

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Comparative anatomy

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Comparison of organisms structures

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Comparative embryology

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The comparison of organisms embryos

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Molecular biology

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Biology at molecular level

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Taxonomy

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The study of scientific classification

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Main levels of classification

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Kingdoms, phylum, class, orde4, family, genus, species

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Subdivision of level of kingdon

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Animal, plants, monera, protest, fungi

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Plasma membrane

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Controls the entry and exit from the cell

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Active transport

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Involves the use of energy in form of atp to move across the membrane

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Passive transport

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Does not require energy to make use of diffusion and filtration

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Diffusion

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Moving from regions of high to low concentrate

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Osmosis

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Water moves from high to low until equal

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Isotonic

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When solute concentrate of the water is same

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Hypertonic

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When solute is more concentrated outside of cell . Shrivel

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Hypertonic

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When solute concentrate outside of cell is lower. Blows up

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Filtration

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The movement of water and solute through the membrane by pressure

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2 division that make up trophic level

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Autorophs and heterotrophs

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Autorophs

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Organisms that helps produce their own food from inorganic substances

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Heterotrophs

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Obtain their food by consuming plants or other animals

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Primary consumers maybe

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Herbivores

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Secondary consumers maybe

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Carnivores or omnivores

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Tertiary consumers are

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Carnivores that eat other carnivores and omnivores

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Herbivores

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Plant eaters

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Omnivores

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Plant and meat eaters

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Carnivore

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Meat eater

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Food chain

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The path which food is transferred from one level to next

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Food Web

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The interrelationship of many food chains

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Decomposers

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Consume non living organic material and release inorganic material

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2 factors that affect ecosystem

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Biotic and abiotic

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Abiotic

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Living parts of ecosystem

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Abiotic

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Non living influences of ecosystem

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Predator

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Organisms that feed on other organisms to survive

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Prey

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Animals hunted

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Symbiosis

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Separate species living together

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Parasitism

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One species benefits and one species is harmed

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Commensalisma

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One species benefits and one unaffected

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Mutual isms

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Both species benefit

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Biosphere

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Entire portion of our planet that is inhabited by living this on a variety of ecosystem and communities

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All organisms obtain the organic substances they need by:

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Auto trophic or heterotrophic

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Photosynthesis

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Carbon dioxide + water + light energy to carbohydrates + oxygen

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Chrolophyll

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Absorbs light energy for photosynthesis

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Cuticle

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Waxy layer on stem and leaves that helps prevent water loss

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Stomates

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Pored that allows carbon dioxide to enter and oxygen to be released

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Angiosperms

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Flower part of plants. Reposible for reproduction

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Sepals

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Encase flower before it blooms

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Pedals consists of

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Stamen and pistils

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Stamen

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Pollen producing male reproductive organ

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Stamen consists of

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Anther and filament

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Anther

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Pollen bearing structure in stamen

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Filament

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Stalks that support anther

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Pistils consists of

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Stigma, style, ovaries

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Pistils

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Female reproductive system

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Stigma

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Where pollen enters pistils

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Ovaries

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Contains egg cells

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Genes

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Set of instructions for all living things . Located on chromosome

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Chromosome

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General for same trait at the same loci on the homologous pairs

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Allele

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Dna coding for particular gene

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Dominance

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When individual with contrasting traits are crossed

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Dominant gene

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Capital letter

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Recessive gene

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Lower letter

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Homozygous

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An individual with 2 identical genes

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Heterozygous

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A gene when cells contain 2 different alleles

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Phenotype

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The apperqnce of

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Segregation

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When 2 of the heterozygous are crosses the hidden trait becomes segregated anf appears in 25 percent

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Genotype

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The genetic constitution of cell

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Independent assortment

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Genes on different chromosomes are inherited independently of each other

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Linked

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When genes for different traits are on same chromosome

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Codominance

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Expresses a mixutee of 2 traits

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How many chromosomes do humans have

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46

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Autosome

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Non sex chromosome

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Xx and xy

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Female and male

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Sex linked traits

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Genes only found on x chromosome

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Dna what first purposed by

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Watson and crick

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Nucleotides

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Until that make up dna

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Each nucleotide is composed on

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Phosphate group

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Double helix

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Nucleotides that form long chains

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During replication:

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The dna strand opens or unzips at the base pairs

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Transcription

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The process of forming m rna to the information contained in the dna molecule

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Gene mutations

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Changes in the dna nitrogenous bar sequence, causing a change in the protiens

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Chromosomal mutations

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Which either the structure or the number of chromosomes changes

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Polyploidy

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A full set of chromosomes fails to separate

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Nondisjunction

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In which on chromosome pair fails to separate dung meiosis

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Uracil

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Nitrogen base found in rna

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Phosphate group

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Sugar backbone in double helix

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Amino acid

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Organic comping which contains amino acid and carboxylic group

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Light microscope

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Light is passed through specimen. the through a glass lens which be ds . Can magnify up to 2,000 times

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Electron microscope

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Sends a beam of electrons through a specimen. Magnify up to 2 million times

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Compound microscope

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Often the specimen. To make particular structure stand out. Magnify up to 400 times

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Data

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Which are measurable factors or qualities thay change during an experiment

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Different variables

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Independent, dependant, constant

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Independent variable

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Variable that is changed by the experimenter

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Dependent

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Variable thay changes in response to the independent variable

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Controlled experiment

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Only one independent variable

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X axis

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Horizon

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Y axis

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Verical