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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the difference between Research utilization and EBP?
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RU - non systematic use of a/multiple studies to support clinical practice
EBP - very systematic and involves comprehensive research. clinical decisions are based on BEST clinical evidence |
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What are the different kinds of research utilization?
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instrumental - you use the findings in your clinical practice
conceptual - you change the way you think about something persuasive - you use findings to persuade others to make changes in policy or practice |
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How has research utilization changed over time?
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1975 - knowledge-practice gap studied
70s and 80s - gap attempted to be bridged 90s - EBP takes over |
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What are advantages and disadvantages of EBP?
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ADv - economically feasible, lifelong self learning
Disadv - patient input and qualitative research given little attention |
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Who proposed evidence hierarchy?
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Archia Cochrance and Cochrane Collaboration
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How is evidence from research results ranked according to strength (for cause probing research)?
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Evidence hierarchies:
1. systematic review of RCT, then nonrandomized trials 2. single rct, ten single nonrandomized trial 3. correlational/observational studies 4. descriptive/qualitative studies 5. opinions of authorities and expert committees |
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What are the barriers to EBP?
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limits by organizations/hospitals (organizational barriers) - not enough financial support and staff release time (?); unit culture
Nursing barriers - being resistant to change, not valuing research and EBP, inadequate skills in locating and appraising evidence research barriers - not enough good research, need for better communication of findings to practicing nurses |
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T or F. Systematic review is reviewing all literature on a topic.
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F. it involves finding the BEST EVIDENCE for a clinical problem.
this is done by gathering all relevant literature, evaluating them, and synthesizing findings so that a conclusion can be made about what is BEST. |
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What are some ways systematic reviews are being done?
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they used to be done narratively, but are now being replaced by:
(qualitative) metasyntheses - ie common themes between multiple studies = amplifying findings (quantitative) meta-analysis - statistical analysis across findings of multiple studies on a topic |
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What is preappraised evidence? examples?
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evidence praised for clinical use.
ie systematic reviews, and clinical practice guidelines |
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what is a critically appraised topic?
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= a quick summary of a clinical question, and an appraisal of the best evidence
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what is the purpose of EBP models?
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they provide steps in translating and incorporating research into practice
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which EBP model is for individual clinicians?
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Stetler Model
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which EBP model is for organizations?
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IOWA Model
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What are the steps in researching EBP?
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1. formulate a question that can be answered by research (PICO)
2. search for the evidence - use keywords - best to start with preprocessed evidence 3. appraise the evdience 4. integrate evidence with other types of evidence 5. implement evidence and evaluate outcome |
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study site vs setting?
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study site is the general location in which the study is located
setting is the specific location in which the info is collected |
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Differentiate between a concept and a construct and a phenomenon in terms of research
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concept, constructs, and phenomena are all ideas and abstractions that are investigated/reasearched (ie pain, spirituality, sexual desire)
a concept is a very general term, just meaning any idea or abstraction (dog, cloud, love, pain) a construct is a specific type of concept that is invented (or constructed) for a specific purpose (ie self care, self esteem, job satisfaction, optimism, emotinal intelligence, IQ) = abstract theoretical values that are invented to explain a phenomenon e.g. someone made the idea of emotional intelligence to explain why some people are more emotionally competent than others phenomena are simply what concepts are called in qualitative studies |
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Differentiate between continuous and categorical variables
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variables in which there is a continuum like height or weight = continous
categorical variables are either one thing, or the other - m of f, married or not married |
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What is the significance of operationl and coneptual definitions? what is the difference?
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a conceptual definition is just the basic theoretical meaning of something (ie anxiety = state of worry about the future)
in research, you also need an operational definition, which is a description of how a variable will me measured (ie the Hamilton Anxiety scale - specific features of pt is rated 1-4, then summed up for a total score) |
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What are different variable relationships?
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cause and effect
functional (think graph) or associative - there is a correlation, but no evidence of a cause and effect |
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What are different classes of quantitative research?
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quantitative research can be experimental, or nonexperimental
experimental - intervention or treatment is introduced non experimental - simply observation. no intervention introduced. |
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what is observational research and clinical trials?
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observational research aka non experimental research - a type of quantitatve research in which there is no treatment or intervention
clinical trial - is a type of experimental research that is conducted in the medical field - in which an intervention/treatment is introduced |
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What are the types of qualitative research called?
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research traditions
ie grounded theory, phenomenonolgical, ethnographic |
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what are major research traditions?
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types of qualitative research:
grounded theory - social and psychological processes are investigated via inductive research - phenomena are grounded in reality, and researchers make comprehensive explanations from them phenomenological - study of the conscious human experience - focuses on lived experiences of phenomena ethnographic - focueses on ethinic groups and how they perceive and understand phenomena |
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What are the steps in conducting a quantitative study?
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1. conceptual phase - formulating question and hypothesis
2. design and planning experiment - method 3. empirical phase - data collecting/ coding 4. analytic phase - analyzing data (statistically) and putting into a format that communicates properties of variables 5. Dissemination phase = dissemination of the data - writing the report |
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What happens in the conceptual phase of a quantitive study?
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1. problem is formulated
2. literature review 3. clinical fieldwork - going into a clinical site to investigate topic, research, interview 4. defining framework 5. formulating a hypothesis |
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What happens in the Design and planning phase of a quantitative study?
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1. formulation of a research design - research method
2. developing an intervention protocol, explaining what the intervention would entail 3. identify the population 4. design the sampling plan specify methods to measure varibales and collect data - operationalize varibales 5. develop methods to protect human and animal rights 6. finalizethe research plan - testing the design to make sure it works |
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What happens during the Empirical phase of quantitatve study?
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Collecting data, and preparing it for analysis
coding may be necessary (translating words into data) |
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What happens in the analytic phase of quantitative?
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data is analyzed and interpreted
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What is gaining entree?
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gaining entry to a specific site of interest in a qualitative study. often involves negotiating with gatekeepers.
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What is emergent design?
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as opposed to finalizing research design before collecting data, emergent design is one in which the experiment diesign emerges during the course of data collection
often employed in qualitative studies |
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How can qualitative researchers ensure the trustworthiness of their findings?
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member checking - reflecting back to interviewer what was previously stated to clarify
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What is the Nuremburg code?
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one of the first code of ethics
developed in 1949 in response to Nazi experimentation |
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What are some international standards of research?
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Nuremburg code of ethics
Declaration of Helinski |
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What are the main principles of the Belmont Report?
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1. Beneficence - above all do no harm - beneficence/nonmaleficence, no risk of exploitation of info they provede
2. Respect for human dignity - self determination without coercion, and full disclosure of the details of the study 3. Justice - fair treatment (no discrimination) and right to privacy (data they provide is kept in confidence) |
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What is the significance of the Belmont report?
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Belmont report provides the model that organizations adopt
also all research supported by the govt must comply |
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What is process consent and implied consent?
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during qualitative study, consent is often an ongoing process because the experimental design is continually evolving. researchers must thus continually renogotiate the consent = process consent
implied consent only applies to self administered questionairres |
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What are different methods to maintaining confidentiality?
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anonymity - researcher doesn't even know what participant gave data
confid. pledge - a promise to not share info certificate of confident - prevents forced disclores of info to authorities (ie courts) |
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What groups of ppl are considered vulnerable subjects?
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people that may not fully understand
- children, metnally emotionally disabled people institutionalized ie prison severely ill, physically disabled, terminally ill pregnant women |
