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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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cyrptorchidism
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undescended testicles; one or both
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fetal testes are in the
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abdominal cavity for maturation
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when do fetal testes descend from abdominal cavity
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8th 9th month of gestation
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testes doen't descend due to
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homrmonal imbalance
testicular or spermatic cord defect low birth wt. & early gestational age |
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complication of undescended testes
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Increased risk of infertility
testicular cancer |
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most males with cyrptachidism have ____ sperm count
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low inboth testicls even if it was unilaterial
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treatment for cyptocrchidism
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hormone treatment or surgery to find & descend the testicls
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testicular torison
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twisting of cord
absent posterior attachement of the testicle - bilateral common seen in pre-adolescent males |
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testicular torison S/S
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severe distress
severe pain swelling ischemia Reproductive emergency can lead to testicular death surgery in less than 12h or testicles die |
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treatment for test. torison
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secure to scrotal wall
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neoplasm of the testis (testicular cancer) affect men ages
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15 - 34
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testicular cancer more common in _____ men than ____ men
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white
black |
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risk for test. cancer
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increased risk w/ undescended testicles
mother took estrogen during preg. FHx |
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s/s of test. cancer
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slight painless enlargement
groin ache/heavyness hard painless mass (late diag if pain) spreads very easily to lung & lymph more common or right side |
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Dx for neoplasm of the testis
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self-exam
oftern mis diagnosed as epididymitis biopsy NOT done metatasis |
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treatment for neoplasm of the testis
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removal of entire testicle
silicone implant radiation 95% survival rate if caught early |
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benigh prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) aka benign prostat hypertrophy is
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prostatic growth in men over 50 (not cancer)
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Risk for BPH
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age
decreased hormone |
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Path of BPH
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prostrate grows around urethra leading to obstruction of urine flow AFFECT THE anterior lobes OF THE PROSTATE MOST (but can only feel posterior lobes on rectal exam)
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Difficulty voiding (starting or have enough force)
bladder disterntion/urniary retention overflow incontinence (pressure build up & pushes out) urge to go causes cystitis |
S/S of BPH
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Treatment BPH
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transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
PLUS new treatment meication to shrink prostate lasers ballon dilations etx Possiblity of sexual loss after surgery 10% chance |
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2nd most common cancer in men
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prostate cancer
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risk factors for prostate cancer
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not found in asian men
high fat diet gonorrhea FHx decreased incidence in vegetarians |
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S/S of prostate cancer
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No early symptoms
#1 difficulty stopping & starting stream dysuria frequency hematuria (late sign) Pain (late sign) nodular non-movable |
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dx of prostate cancer
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rectal exam
biopsy PSA |
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prostate specific antigen; less than ___ is normal
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4
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no biopsy for testicular cancer becasuse
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it easily spreads
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treatment for prostate cancer
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rediation
chemo surgery hormone therapy (estrogen) Good rate of cure if found early, confined to prostate metastasis is common |
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PID (pelvic inflammatory disease) is
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inflammation of the upper reproductive tract (internal organs)
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cause of PID
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any infection can spread
chlamydia gonorrhea sexual transmitted infections PID is often caused after: child birth abortion use of IUD multiple sex partners |
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S/S of PID
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discharge
fever lower abd pain (dull worse w/ movment) irregular bleeding Increased WBC septic shock (possible) could be Asymptomatic |
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treatment PID
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antibotics
treat sex partners too No sex bedrest semifolwer may require hosp. |
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reproductive system growths (2)
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uterine leiomyomas
endometriosis |
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another name for uterine leiomyomas
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uterine fibroids
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uterine leiomyomas (fibroids)
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benign tumors inside
within walls outside THE UTERUS |
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uterine leiomyomas (fibroids) grow
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from smooth muscle cells occuring during reproductive years & shrink w/ menopause
growth enhanced by estrogen |
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fibroids are enhanced by
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estrogen
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cause of fibroids
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unknown
family histroy hormonal flucutations (stops & spurts of estrogent) |
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S/s of fibroids
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uterine bleeding
feeling of heaviness pressure on bladder/bowel lead to difficulty urinating constipation PAIN IS LATE SIGN |
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dx of fibroids
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bimanual exam
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treatment of fibroids
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medication to shrink tumor/fibroid
surgery to remove hysterectomy in older women |
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Endometriosis is
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spread of enometrial tissue to a place other than the lining of the uterus
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Endometriosis usually spreads to
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abd
intestines ovaries fallop tubes but can go further away |
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Endometrial tissue follows
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the menstrual cycle - grows & bleeds leading to scaring & inflammation of surrounding structures
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Endometriosis patho theory
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retrograde menstration
metaplasia combination of these |
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S/S of Endometriosis
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dysmenorrhea
abnormal bleeding infertility (due to scarrng& inflammation) to suppress systems birth control pill |
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treatment of Endometriosis
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hormone (BCP) or stronger to suppress menstration
surgery to remove (laser) get pregnant if u can (may canuse tissue to atrophy) (delays problem one) |
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cancers of female reproductive system
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Cervical
edometrial overian |
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5th cause of cancer in women
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cervical
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mostly occurs over age of, can be found at any age
easily detected w/ pap smear good cure rate should have pap smear annually once sexually active |
cervical cancer
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cause of cervical cancer
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human pailloma virus HPV; transmitted by sexual contact (sexual transmitted infection)
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risk for crevical cancer
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HPV
mulitple partners 1st intercourse before 16 multiply preg herpes II male partner w/ many partners |
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long latent period 10-12 years before it spreads
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cervical cancer
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s/s cervical cancer
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asymptomatic
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cervical cancer forms at
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squamous-columnar junction (transormation zone)
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dx of cervical cancer
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pap smear
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pap smear grades
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I = normal cells found only
II = atypical cells (inflamm may cause) III = cells typical of dysplasia (cancer stage 0) IIIV = cancer beginning (in situ) CA stage 1) V = cells of invasive sq cell carcinoma (cancer stage 2) + cancer stages 3-4 |
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treatment for cervical cancer
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removal of lesion
laser cryosurgery electrocautery Good recovery if caught early |
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prevention of cervical cancer
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Vaccine - GARDASIL -
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Gardasil only works on
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the four most common strains of HPV
3 injections over 6 months |
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4 most common strains of HPV
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16 & 18 cause 70% of cervical cancer
6 & 11 cause 90% of genital warts |
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endometrial CA is of
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the uterus lining
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endometrial CA is most common in
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post menopausal women
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risk factors endometrial cancer
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infertility
late menopause obsesity diabetes HTN unopposed estrogen therapy |
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unopposed estrogen therapy is
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estrogen stimulation w/out progesterone opposition - PROLONGED
current BCP & estrogen therapy decrease risk by 1/2 |
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#1 S/S of endometrial cancer
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painless post menopaused bleeding
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treatment of endometrial cancer
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dilatation & curettage (D&C) = uterine scraping
radiation & surgery (total abd hysterectomy) followed by radiation or radiation implants good prognosis if caught early |
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4th most common cancer in women
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ovarian
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most common genital cancer in women
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ovarian
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ovarian cancer is most common in women (age)
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60 - 80's
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cancer hard to diagnosis (poor screening & no early detection method) plus very vague s/s
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ovarian cancer
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risk factors for ovarian cancer
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family history
nulliparity (no preg) high fat diet excessive ovulation inftertility BCP cut risk in 1/2 becauses suppresses ovulation need to use own ovaries but not to much (produce some eggs but not to mucy) happy balance |
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S/S ovarian cancer
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no s/s until late
bloating pelvic or abd pain difficulty eating feeling full quickly urinary symptoms (urg or freq) |
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if these s/s occur for more than 2 weeks see ob may be
bloating pelvic or abd pain difficulty eating feeling full quickly urinary symptoms (urg or freq) |
ovarian cancer
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both pelvic/renal exam for possibility of
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ovarian cancer
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CA 125 blood test (accuracy 50%)
transvaginal utlrasound |
ovarian cancer
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ovarian cancer facts
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1 out of 69 women
early detection = survival rate 90% s/s subtle, persistent, increase over time PAP smear not test for ovarian cancer |
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dx of ovarian cancer
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difficult
some chemical blood test under research |
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treatment of ovarian cancer
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surgery
radiation chemo poor prognosis - hard to catch early - no screening tool or reliable tumor marker |
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#1 cancer in women
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breast
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1:8 women who live past 80 will have in lifetime
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breast cancer
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90% are found by woment themself
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breast cancer
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risk factors for breast cancer
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hormonal factors
reproductive factors - childbirth dietary factors - high fat, obesity family history ethnicity - black age |
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hormonal risk factors of breast cancer
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early menstration < 12 years
late menopause > 55 40+ menstrual yrs. 2x likely of BC than 30yrs of menstration postmenopasual hormone replacement some types of fibrocytic disease |
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reproductive risk factors of breast cancer
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1st baby at less than 18yrs old
1st baby after 35 years few pregnancies breastfeeding decreases risk |
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S/s of breast cancer
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single lump
painless hard not moveable 1/2 r found UOQ right side advance s/s puckering nipple retraction change in breast shape bloody discharge |
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dx for breast cancer
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do SBE one week after menstration
mammogram |
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treatment of breast cancer
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lumpectomey
radical mastectomy hormones chemo radiation |
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urethral meatus locted on the ventral surface of the penis.
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hypospadius
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urethral opening on the dorsal surface of the penis
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episadius
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which is less common hypospadius or epispadius
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epispadius
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problems with hypospadius
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cannot control stream/direction
sexual functioning can be altered (getting girl preg. if can't control force or direction |
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problems with epispadius
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incontinence
direction of stream sexual function sphincter not so good |
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uterine prolapse
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bulging of uteris or cervix into vagina (SINKING)
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s/s of uterine prolapse
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irritaiton of the cervix & vag membranes
protuding mass & pressure |
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cystocele
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herniation of the bladder into vagina due to anterior wall weakness
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s/s of cystocele
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bearing down sensation
unable to emply bladder urgency frequent cystitis |
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rectocel
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herniation of the recum into vagina due to posterior wall weakness
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s/s of rectocele
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discomfort
difficulty defecating |
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weakened muscle from child brith causes
or congenital defect |
uterine prolapse
cytocele rectocele |
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treatment for
uterine prolapse cytocele rectocele |
surgerical repair on anterior & posterior
hysterectomy (uterine prolapse) pessary (tampoon like device) exercises |
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inflammation/irritation of the vulva and vagina
most time yeast infection |
vulvovaginitis
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health in vulvovaginitis depends on
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adeq. normal hormone level
pH flora glucose - excess attracts yeast |
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types vulvovaginitis
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several
#1 yeast candida bacterial (STD) viral (herpes) |
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s/s vulvovaginitis
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discharge
burning itching redness swelling painful sex yeast - white curdy bacterial - pus |
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vulvovaginitis dx
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culture discharge
undermiscroscope look for fern/central/leafy with yeast |
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treatment vulvovaginitis
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good hygiene
antifungal antibotics decrease sugar treat the partner |
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ovarian cysts
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sacs on the ovary fluid or semisolid material
can occur anytime in a womens life |
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etiology of cysts
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unkown
possible FHx |
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s/s of cysts
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no symptoms unless rupture
internal hemorrhage abd pain |
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treatment cysts
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usually resolves
pain subsides sometimes surgery to control hemorrhage |
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fibrocystic breast disease
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benign palpable massess in breast
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size of lump fluctuates w/ peiod
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fibrocystic breast disease
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common in women 30-50 child rearing yrs
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fibrocystic breast disease
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fibrocystic breast disease s/s
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tender breast immediatly after period
cysts firm mobile regular in shape most often in UOQ |
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fibrocystic breast disease treatment
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avoid
tea coffee cola chocolate |
