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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is inflammation?
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A basic way in which the body reacts to infection, irritation or other injury, key features are redness, warmth, swelling and pain.
Recognized as a type of non-specific immune response. |
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What is the difference between noscomial and iatrogenic infection?
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Noscomial infection is a hospital-acquired infection; any infection that was not present or incubating at the time of admission.
Iatrogenic infection is the direct result of treatment such as invasive procedures. |
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Describe the physilogy of the inflammatory process.
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Inflammatory response is a localized reaction injury and is activiated in the presence of foreign substances or pathogens.
It has various specific and nonspecific mechanisms to respond to invasion by microorganisms. Flexible/effective. Serves to localize,destroy, diute, neutralize or remove a pathogen or damaged cells to prepare for the healing process. Direct relationship between the degree of inflammation and time needed for repair. Involves blood vessels,fluid, cellular components of the blood, lymphatic system and surrounding tissue. Local tissue injury releases substances from damaged cells that cause arterioles,vesicles, and capillaries to dilate. Fluid leaks from capillaries into interstitial space w/proteins & enzymes the inactivate viruses&destroy bacteria. |
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Differentiate between inflammation and infection.
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infection is the disease state caused by the invasion and multiplication of a pathogen in body tissues.
Inflammation is local reaction to infectious agent. |
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Common types of causative organisms.
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Virus-smaller than bacterium,can only replicate inside cell of host. Takes over metabolism of cell to make copies of itself.
Bacteria-small,single-celled organism that can grow independently outside of cells. Invade and multiply in tissues of host&form toxins. Fungi-Eukaryotic organisms with cell walls.Can replicate rapidly. Require nutrients from organic materials. Most fungal infection acquired from contact with decaying organic matter or airborne spores. 2 groups:mold and yeast. Parasite-organism living in or on another living creature and taking advantage of that creature while the host is disadvantaged. |
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Most common organisms with antimicrobial resistance
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Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus epidermis(MRSE) Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) |
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Physiology of the inflammatory process (version 2)
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Injury>releases substances from damaged cells>.
Capillary dilatation>. Increased capillary permeability>. Fluid w/infection-fighting proteins escapes from wall of capillaries. Proteins release factors that attract phagocytic cells that engulf or destroy invading microorganisms> White&red blood cells also in fluid, WBC's of various types (leukocytes, granulocytes, macrophages,null cells) fight infections |
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How do organisms become resistant?
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overuse of antibiotics or non-completion of courses of antibiotics
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How do the following medical devices lead to infection
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COMPLETE LATER
stethoscope med cart foley catheter stretcher bedside commode |
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Primary defenses
Skin and mucous membranes |
prevent organisms from entering body through intact dermis & epidermis
Skin surface has antimicrobial properties Dryness promotes desiccation of organisms Desquamation sheds micoorgs. Low pH of skin Mucous membranes produce mucous that traps microorgs Mucous membranes have macrophages and lyzozymes |
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Primary defenses
Respiratory System |
Respiratory tract filters and warms air we breathe. Cilia sweep debris up and out of the tract. Cells lining the tract secrete lyzozymes that can destroy bacteria. Macrophages destroy bacteria in the alveoli
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Primary defenses
GI system |
Hostile environment for microorgs because of acidic stomach and alkaline sm. intestine
Normal bacteria compete for nutrients and produce inhibitors Goblet cells produce secretions that form barriers which prevent bacteria penetration |
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Primary defenses
Circulatory system |
Essential to inflammatory and immune response
Blood carries components of cellular & hormonal immunity & removes waste products of tissue destruction |
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Secondary defenses
Inflammatory response |
Localized reaction to injury is activiated when tissue damage occurs.
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Secondary defenses
Immune Response |
Immune response is specific to an antigen or foreign substance that has invaded the body.
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Components of chain of infection
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-Infectious agent
-Reservoir -Portal of Exit from the reservoir -Mode of Transmission -Portal of entry into susceptible host |
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When a nurse washes her hands, which chain of infection is altered?
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Mode of transmission
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acute inflammation
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the short-term immune response our bodies mount in cases of trauma, infection, and allergy.
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chronic inflammation
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arises when this response is not completely turned off or extinguished. It acts like a slow-burning fire, continuing to stimulate pro-inflammatory immune cells when they may not be needed.
Six months generally used to characterize “chronic.” |
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infection
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A disease state caused by the invasion and multiplication of a pathogen, a disease-producing microorganism, in body tissues.
Pathogens – bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites The body responds to the invasion by forming antibodies and a series of physiological changes |
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course of infection
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Clinical course of infection – period when it can be transmitted to others.
Clinical course of an infection varies: Causative organism Dose and virulence of the causative organism Mode of entry of the organism Site of infection Overall host resistance (health status) of the infected person |
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noscomial infection
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Hospital-acquired -3 days
Was not present or incubating at the time of admission 5-10% of patients Multiple resistant organisms infect 25% |
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Iatrogenic infection
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The direct result of treatments such as invasive procedures
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common causative organisms
Gram positive |
Staphylococcus aureus
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common causative organisms
Gram negative |
Eschircia coli
Proteus cause UTI |
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Risk for infection,risk for infection transmission and ineffective protection
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Characteristic of Host
-Primary defenses -Altered immunity -Health practices -Age -Heredity (ineffective protection) -Immunizations/Vaccinations -Immune Status -Presence of Congentially acquired conditions -Presence of Acquired conditions -Presence of Mental Illness Characteristics of Environment -Community -Health Care Institutions |
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Localized infection
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fever (maybe low grade)
Redness swelling pain heat often loss of function |
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Systemic infection
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-Progress to more than one organ system
-more difficult to treat -generally result in poorer outcomes -manifested by signs and symptoms that affect the entire body -General malaise -fever -myalgia -arthralgia -nonspecific GI symptoms -fever may not always be present |
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WBC w/differential
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The total count reflects the body’s response to infection.
Neutrophils 50-70% Segs 50-70% Bands 0-8% Eosinophils 1-4% Basophils 0.4-1% Monocytes 2-6% Lymphocytes 20-40% |
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culture
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determines organism causing infection
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Gram stain
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Is a specific microscopic test used to obtain rapid results on a sample
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ESR
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Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) is also called Sed Rate or Sedimentation Rate. It is a simple test used to determine how much inflammation is in the body, but it cannot diagnose the specific condition causing the inflammation.
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C-reactive protein
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Nonspecific test used to diagnose bacterial infections, inflammation, and necrosis
CRP is more sensitive and responds more rapidly than the ESR Increase CRP may predict coronary events |
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antigen
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substance capable of inducing a specific immune response. The term is derived from the (gen) (eration) of (anti) (bodies) to such substances. Specific immune responses require recognition molecules like the T cell receptor or antibodies which recognize the antigen, or parts of it, and stimulate a response by the specific arm of the immune response (T or B cells).
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Ineffective Health Maintenance
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Diagnosis
Determine whether a client's health practices are helpful in preventing a recurrence of a previous illness. |
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Anxiety
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Diagnosis
Concerns about risk for infection that may cause anxiety. Concern about emerging infection and hospital-acquired infection. Concern over loss of home and possessions and family income |
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Fear
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Diagnosis
Can be greater than is warranted in a particular situation. Fear of a diagnosis. |
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Impaired Social Interaction
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Nursing Diagnosis
Without support of family/friends, infection may become life threatening. Clients living alone who are unable to seek medical attention . Homeless |
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Risk for infection
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Risk factor without signs of infection
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Risk for Infection Transmission
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Diagnosis
Client has been exposed or colonized with an infectious agent, has a contaminated wound, or has environment factors that increase risk (including but not limited to natural disasters,unsanitary living,areas at high risk for vector-borne infections) |
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Ineffective Protection
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Diagnosis
Client has ineffective protection due to physical causes of tissue damage or altered immune response |
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Assess for local infection
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Localized:
fever redness swelling pain heat loss of function infants rub ear w/otitis media increased nasal secretions or abnormal breath sounds |
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Assess for systemic infection
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general malaise
fever myalgia arthralgia non-specific GI symptoms Fever may not always be present Septicemia: tiredness fever chills night sweats myalgia arthralgia CNS: malaise fever headache stiff neck UTI: urinary frequency urgency dysuria fever not usually symptom unless pyelonephritis |
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Nursing diagnosis
Ineffective health maintenance |
determine whether a client's health practices are helpful in preventing recurrence of previous illness
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