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144 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Furosemide (Trade name, Use)
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Lasix
Used to treat congestive heart failure, hypertension & edema. Used as a diuretic. |
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Mannitol (Trade, Use)
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Osmitrol
Treats early kidney failure, brain swelling, increased pressure in the eye & poisoning by increased urination. |
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Diazepam (Trade, Use)
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Valium, Diastat
Treats anxiety, muscle spasms, seizures. |
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Midazolam (Brand, Use)
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Versed
Used as a sedative |
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Dolasetron (Brand, Use)
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Anzemet
Anti-vomiting medication |
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Ondansetron (Brand, Use)
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Zofran
Control of vomiting |
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Cerenia (Generic, Use)
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Maropitant citrate
Prevention of vomiting due to motion sickness |
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Hydromorphone (Brand, Use)
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Dilaudid, Exalgo, Dilaudid-hp, Palladone
Treats moderate to severe pain. |
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Apomorphine (Brand, Use)
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Apokyn
Used to cause them to vomit. |
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Propofol (Brand, Use)
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Diprivan
A versatile anesthetic injection for induction & maintenance of general anesthesia. |
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Metroclopramide (Brand, Use)
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Reglan
Used to treat nausea, vomiting and reflux disease |
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Ketamine (Brand, Use)
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Ketaset, Vetalar, Vetaket
Sedates before anesthesia & can be used to control pain. |
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Buprenorphine (Brand, Use)
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Buprenex
Used for pain relief |
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Diphenhydramine (Brand, Use)
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Benadryl
Treats allergies |
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Enrofloxacin (Trade name, Rte of Admin, Use)
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Baytril
Orally & IV in horses Broad spectrum anti-biotic & bactericidal |
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Ceftiofur Sodium (Trade, Admin, Use)
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Naxcel
IV/IM Cephalosporine |
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Potassium Penicillin (Trade, Admin, Use)
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K+ Pen
IV Antibiotic-slowly |
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Procaine Penicillin (Trade, Admin, Use)
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PPG
IM Antibiotic - no IV |
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Trimethoprim Sulfadizine (Trade, Admin, Use)
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Tribrissen & TMS-SMZ
PO Most common oral antibiotics |
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Amikacin (Admin, Use)
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IV
Nephrotoxic |
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Gentamycin (Trade, Admin, Use)
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Gentocin
IV Nephrotoxic |
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Metronidazole (Trade, Admin, Use)
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Flagyl
Oral/IV Used against enteric bacteria infection |
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Chloramphenicol (Admin, Use)
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PO
Extreme Caution! Causes aplastic anemia |
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Flunixin Meglumine (Trade, Admin, Use)
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Banamine
IV/IM/PO Nephrotoxic, anti-pyretic, soft tissue pain |
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Phenylbutazone (Trade, Admin, Use)
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Bute
IV/PO Nephrotoxic, Causes colitis, Bony/Ortho pain |
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Dimethyl Sulfoxide (Trade, Admin, Use)
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DMSO
IV/Topical Cerebral inflammation, Good penetration-wear gloves |
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1% Diclotenac Sodium (Trade, Admin, Info)
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Surpass
Topical Anti-inflammatory osteoarthritis & soft tissue |
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Acepromazine (admin, info)
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IM/IV/PO
Sedative if not already excited |
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Butorphanol (Trade, Admin, Info)
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Torbugesic
IV Analgesic |
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Xylazine (Trade, Admin, Info)
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Rompun
IV/IM Sedative, Colic case, excreted in kidney |
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Detomidine (Trade, Admin, Info)
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Dormosedan
IV/IM Sedative |
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Omeprazole (Trade, Admin, Info)
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Gastrogarrd, Ulcerguard
PO Ulcer medication - treat/prevent |
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Sucralfate (Trade, Admin, Info)
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Carafate
PO GI protect - give on empty stomach |
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Lidocaine (Admin, Info)
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IV/topical
GI stim, visceral pain, MM/local blocks, cardiac case |
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Hyoscine butylbromide (Trade, Admin, Info)
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Buscopan
IV Used to relieve bladder or intestinal spasms. Antispasmodic/Anticholinergic |
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pH
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7.35 - 7.45
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Acidosis
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< 7.35
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Alkalosis
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> 7.45
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PaO2
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80 - 110 mmHg
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PaCO2
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30 - 45 mmHg
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HCO3
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20 - 28
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BE
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-3 - 3
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K+
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3.5 - 4.5 mmol/L
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Na+
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140 - 155 mmol/L
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Mg+
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0.3 - 0.4 mmol/L
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Serum Ca++
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8.5 - 10 mg/dL
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Ionized Ca++
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1.1 - 1.3 mmol/L
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Cl-
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105 - 120 mmol/L
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Glucose
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80 - 120 mg/dL
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BUN
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10 - 30 mg/dL
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Creatinine
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1 - 2 mg/dL
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PCV
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35 - 45%
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TS
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6.5 - 7.5
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Lactate
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0 - 1.5 mmol/L
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Normal Saline
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0.9% NaCl
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Systolic BP
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100 - 150 mmHg
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Diastolic BP
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60 - 120 mmHg
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BP
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120/80
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CRT
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1 - 2 seconds
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MAP
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80 - 120 mmHg
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Dehydration (Mild, Moderate, Severe)
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5%
8% 10% |
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Cat (HR, RR, Temp)
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160 - 200 BPM
20 - 40 BPM 100 - 102 F |
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Dog (HR, RR, Temp)
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70 - 150 BPM
20 - 40 BPM 100 - 102 F |
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What does oxygenation refer to the body's ability to do?
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Deliver oxygen to tissue.
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What is nystagmus?
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Rapid eye movement
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Stridor is defined as
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a harsh, high-pitched sound typically heard on inspiration
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What is hyperkalemia likely to be caused by?
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Addisonian Crisis
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An increase in both PCV and TS suggests what?
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Dehydration
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Define hypoxia
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Decreased oxygen supply to tissue
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Increased TS w/a normal PCV may indicate what?
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Anemia with dehydration
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What causes inadequate ventilation?
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Pneumothorax
Depression of the respiratory center of the brain Tracheal mass |
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What is lactic acidosis caused by?
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Poor delivery of oxygen to tissue
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When there is an increase in serum Na+, we would also expect to see an increase in what?
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Chloride
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If PaCO2 is higher than normal, is the animal ventilating well?
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No
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If PaO2 is lower than normal, is the animal oxygenating well?
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No
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pH = 7.18
PaO2 = 52.8 mmHg PaCO2 = 64.9 mmHg HCO3 = 24 mmol/L What is the acid/base status of your patient? What is a possible cause? |
Respiratory Acidosis
Swallowed tennis ball |
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If the PaCO2 is lower than normal, is the animal ventilating well?
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No, blowing off too much CO2
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If the PaO2 falls in normal range, is the animal oxygenating well?
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Yes
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pH = 7.51
PaO2 = 85.6 mmHg PaCO2 = 18.1 mmHg HCO3 = 21 mmol/L What is the acid/base status of your patient? Name one poss cause of this animal's disturbance. |
Respiratory Alkalosis
Panting, Hyperventilating |
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What vein is most commonly used for IV catheter placement in a medium to large dog?
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Cephalic
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What is afterload?
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The force that resists the flow of blood leaving the heart.
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If forward failure occurs (when the heart cannot pump enough oxygenated blood to the tissues) and is accompanied by hypotension, what is it called?
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Cardiogenic shock
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What is syncope?
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Collapsing from cardiac causes.
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What has been linked to dilated cardiomyopathy?
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taurine deficiency
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What are CS of Saddle Thrombus (in the cat)?
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Hind limb paralysis
Absent femoral pulses Dyspnea Tachypnea |
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What is cardiac tamponade?
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When the pressure in the pericardium exceeds the pressure in the heart, the heart will collapse.
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What do not pass easily thru the vascular membrane?
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Colloids
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What is an example of a calcium channel blocker?
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Diltiazem
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A physical obstruction in the circulatory system caused by heartworm disease would be an example of what type of shock?
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Obstructive shock
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What is the most common type of shock seen in small animal medicine?
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Hypovolemic shock
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Brick red mm, short CRT and bounding pulses would be CS of what kind of shock?
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Distributive Shock
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A dog presents at your emergency practice in hypovolemic shock. He is tachycardic, weak and has decreased pulses. He is disoriented and is having vomiting or diarrhea. What stage of shock do you think he is in?
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Stage 2
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What is the primary goal of therapy when managing hypovolemic shock?
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To restore blood volume and improve oxygen delivery to tissue.
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What is the "gold standard" for assessing oxygenation?
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arterial blood gas
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An obtunded animal with no urine production, cardiac arrhythmias and obvious hypoxia is most likely in what stage of shock?
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Stage 3
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What is an example of a natural colloid?
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Plasma
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Why is IV calcium gluconate given to patients with severe hyperkalemia?
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It antagonizes the cardiac effects of hyperkalemia.
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Your patient is a 6 kg dog. He has a 500 mL bag of fluids running at 50 mL/hr. What is the maximum KCl replacement in mL for this dog?
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So the first thing you do is take the wait times the .5 constant. So 6kg X .5 mEq/kg/hr = 3 mEq/hr.
The second thing you need to do is take the bag and divide it by the rate it is running at. So you have 500mL / 50 mL/hr = 10hrs. and then you times that by your last answer you got. so 10hrs X 3 mEq/hr = 30 mEq. The last buisness is taking that 30 mEq X 2 b/c you need to be in mL and mEq. so you get 15 mL. |
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What are the CS of Mitral Valve Disease?
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No signs for many years and then coughing.
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How is Mitral Valve Disease diagnosed?
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Radiographs & ultrasound of heart
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What type of heart failure generally develops in dogs with mitral valve disease?
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Congested Heart Failure
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Why is Enalapril used to treat Mitral Valve Disease in dogs?
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Reduces resistance
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What are some potential causes of hypokalemia?
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Vomiting, inadequate intake, chronic kidney failure
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The concentration of dopamine is 40 mg/mL. The dosage is 5 ug/kg/min. Your patient weighs 27 kg. How many mg of dopamine will you put in a 250 mL bag of fluids for your CRI if you are running the fluids at 15 mL/hr? How many mL is this?
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27 kg X 5 ug/kg/min = 135 ug/min / 1000 = 0.135 mg/min X 60 min/hr = 8.1 mg/hr
250 mL X 1 hr/15 mL = 16.6 hrs X 8.1 mg/hr = 135 mg 135 mg X 1 mL/40 mg = 3.375 = 3.4 mL |
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You need to put your patient on fluids. It is a cat that weighs 13.6 lb. Calculate maintenance in this case at 2 mL/kg/hr. The cat is 10% dehydrated. Remember, you will be replacing fluids over 24 hrs.
What would the maintenance rate be? What is the total maintenance volume for 24 hours? What is the replacement volume? What will be the rate to which you set your fluid pump? |
Maintenance Rate - 6.18 kg X 2 ml/kg/hr = 12.3 mL/hr
Maintenance Volume for 24 hrs - 12.3 mL/hr X 24 hrs = 295 mL/24 hrs Replacement Volume - 6.18 kg X 10% X 1000 = 618 mL + 295 mL = 913 mL Rate - 913 mL/24 hrs = 38 mL/hr |
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Yet another parvo puppy has been admitted to your hospital. The vet asks you to set up a Reglan CRI. The puppy weighs 7 kg. The dose rate for Reglan is 1 mg/kg/day. The concentration is 5 mg/mL. The puppy has a one liter bag of Plasmalyte. He has already received a 400 mL bolus. How many mg of Reglan will you add to his bag? How many mL is that? What is another name for Reglan?
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1000 mL - 400 mL = 600 mL
7 kg X 1 mg/kg/day = 7 mg/day X 1 day/24 hrs = 0.29 mg/hr 600 mL X 1 hr/25 mL = 24 hrs X 0.29 mg/hr = 6.9 mg 6.9 mg X 1 mL/mg = 1.38 = 1.4 mL Metoclopramide |
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Your patient is a 7.5 kg mixed breed dog that has been vomiting. Blood work shows that his potassium is 2.5 mmol/L. He has a 1 liter bag of Norm R and his fluid rate is 70 mL/hr.
How many mEq of potassium does the chart recommend that you add to his bag? How many mL will you draw up? What is his maximum replacement? Is it safe to give him the amount you have drawn up in your syringe? What does KCl stand for? What is the concentration of KCl? |
mEq of K recommended - 28 mEq X 2 = 56 mEq (we multiply by 2 b/c it's a 1 L bag)
mL to draw up - 56 mEq/2 = 28 mL Max replacement - 7.5 kg X 0.5 mEq/kg/hr = 3.75 mEq/hr X 24 hrs = 90 mEq Safe to give amt in syringe? - No KCl - Potassium Chloride Concentration of KCl = 0.5 mEq/kg/hr |
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What drug is given to protect the heart in the presence of hyperkalemic cardiotoxicity?
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Calcium gluconate
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In blocked cats, why should fluid therapy be initiated?
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To begin the process of diuresis
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The red rubber catheter that is placed in a blocked cat will be either a
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3.5 or 5 French
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How often is UOP monitored when monitoring a blocked cat after unblocking?
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Every 2 hours
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Animals in Addisonian crisis can potentially cardiac arrest b/c they are?
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Kyperkalemic
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What is a common cause of urethral obstruction in a cat?
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Uroliths
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What is the urinary cathether called that is used initially to unblock a blocked cat?
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Tomcat catheter
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What is it important to monitor after a cat has been unblocked?
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Urine output
fluid rate temperature |
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What two things will always be elevated in animals with acute renal failure?
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BUN & Creatinine
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What is an intrinsic renal cause of ARF?
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Aminoglycoside toxicity
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What are some CS of ARF?
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Oliguria, Anuria or Polyuria
Vomiting and diarrhea Listlessness and anorexia |
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A non-regenerative anemia....
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will show no evidence of regeneration of RBCs
Suggests decreased erythropoiesis Can be caused by renal failure or FeLV |
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To be diagnosed as a DKA, an animal must present with what?
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Hyperglycemia
Ketones in the urine Metabolic acidosis |
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What can cause neurologic signs during treatment of DKA?
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Glucose in extracellular fluid entering cells to quickly creating swelling of brain cells
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What are hospitalized diabetic animals that are not eating on their own treated with?
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Regular insulin and dextrose
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Complications during treatment of DKA that occur most frequently include the development of what?
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Hypoglycemia
CNS signs Electrolyte abnormalities Anemia |
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Addisons Disease is also known as what?
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Hypoadrenocorticism
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During an addisonian crisis a patient will present with electrolyte imbalances, what imbalance would you expect to see?
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Increase K
Decrease Na |
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What are the CS of ARF? Name two nephrotoxins that can potentially cause ARF. Name an infectious disease that causes ARF in the dog. What two values of the chem screen are of particular interest?
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CS = Lethargy, listlessness, anorexia, vomiting & anuria, polyuria or oliguria, diarrhea
Nephrotoxins = Ethylene Glycol & Antibiotics Infectious Disease = Leptospirosis Chem Screen = BUN & Creatinine |
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What is a benign tumor? Examples?
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Characterized by an unchecked growth of cells that do not destroy local tissues but can impair function by their presence.
Lipomas and histiocytomas |
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What is a malignant tumor? Examples?
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Characterized by an uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells that cause local tissue destruction and dalso have the potential for metastasis.
Fibrosarcomas |
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What is Metastasis?
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The spread of cancer cells from the primary tumor to distant locations such as the lung or liver.
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What are the different types of tumors?
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Carcinomas
Sarcomas Round Cell Tumors |
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Carcinomas
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Arise from any epithelial tissue, including skin, mm and organs such as liver, kidney, prostate, etc.
They generally spread thru the lymphatic system Looks like red & blisters/ulcers |
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Sarcomas
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Arise from the mesenchymal tissues such as muscle, cartilage and bone.
Generally spread thru the circulatory system |
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Found Cell Tumors
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Lymphomas, mast cell sarcomas, multi myelomas (plasma cell tumor) are all malignant and arise from hemolymphatic cells (cells that arise from the bone marrow or blood stream).
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Osteosarcoma
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Malignant tumor arising from bone
Most common malignant tumor of bone Large & Giant breeds of dogs Will spread very quickly, esp to the lungs Dx - Biopsy Tx - Chemo, surgery & radiation therapy. Amputation |
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Chondrosarcoma
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Malignant tumor arising from cartilage
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Fibrosarcoma
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Malignant tumor arising from fibrous tissue
May spread to other areas of the body Has been linked to the rabies and FeLV vaccinations CS - firm swelling under the skin around the vaccine site Dx - biospy or cytology (core aspirate) Tx - Surgery, radiation, +/- chemo Very aggressive tumors |
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Adenocarcinomas
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Malignant tumors arising from glands
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Hemangiosarcoma
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Tumors that come from cells that surround blood vessels
Usually found in very vascular organs like the heart and spleen |
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Lymphoma
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Cancer of the lymphatic system
Includes the lymph glands and lymph cells scattered thru other organs (liver, kidney, intestinal tract) Linked to infection with the Feline Leukemia Virus in cats Predisposed in boxers and golden retrievers Dx - Varies with the form. Generally with a fine needle aspirate of the lymph node Tx - Chemo....65-75% of cats & 80-90% of dogs with lymphoma will respond to chemo drugs |
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Hemangiosarcoma
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Originates in the endothelium (lining of blood vessels, heart and spleen)
Most common in spleen pericardium and heart. Most common in middle-aged or older dogs which are medium or larger sized. CS - hemorrhagic effusions, unexplained weakness, pale mm, increased RR, abdominal swelling and depression Dx - Biopsy of the spleen or ultrasound for the heart Tx - Surgery and chemo This cancer is NEVER cured. |
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Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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Found in unpigmented or lightly pigmented skin
Most common locations in the cat are the sparsely haired areas of the nasal planum, eyelids and pinnae. Usually afflicts older animals (avg 12 yrs in cat, 8 yrs in dog) CS - Lesion - varies from a red firm plaque to a cauliflowerlike lesion that often ulcerates. Dx - Cytology and biopsy Tx - Surgically remove. |
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How do you dx cancer?
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Radiology & Ultrasound
Cytology Histopathology (biopsy) |
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Histopathology
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Needle Core Biopsy - small incision is made in the mass
Incisional biopsy - removal of a small wedge of tissue Excisional biopsy - removal of the entire tumor and margins surrounding tissue are included to check for cancer |
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Treatment Options
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Surgery
Chemo Radiation |
