Nursing Iii Respiratory Stuff For Midterm

Front 1

tidal volume VT or TV

Back 1

-volume of air inhaled and exhaled w each breath

Front 2

tidal volume VT or TV normal values

Back 2

500ml or 5-10ml/kg

Front 3

tidal volume VT or TV significance

Back 3

TV may not vary, even w severe disease

Front 4

Inspiratory reserve volume IRV

Back 4

-maximum volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation

Front 5

Inspiratory reserve volume IRV normal values

Back 5

3000ml

Front 6

Expiratory reserve volume ERV

Back 6

the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled forcibly after a normal exhalation

Front 7

Expiratory reserve volume ERV normal values

Back 7

1100ml

Front 8

Expiratory reserve volume ERV significance

Back 8

ERV is decreased with restrictive conditions such as obesity, ascities, pregnancy

Front 9

Residual volume RV

Back 9

the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximum exhalation

Front 10

Residual volume RV normal values

Back 10

1200ml

Front 11

Residual volume RV significance

Back 11

RV may be increased with obstructive disease

Front 12

Vital capacity VC

Back 12

the maximum volume of air exhaled from the point of maximum inspiration
VC= TV + IRV + ERV

Front 13

Vital capacity VC normal values

Back 13

4600ml

Front 14

Vital capacity VC significance

Back 14

a decrease in VC may be found in neuromuscular disease, generalized fatigue, atelectasis, pulmonary edema, COPD, and obesity

Front 15

Inspiratory capacity IC

Back 15

the maximum volume of air inhaled after normal expiration
IC= TV + IRV

Front 16

Inspiratory capacity IC normal values

Back 16

3500ml

Front 17

Inspiratory capacity IC significance

Back 17

a decrease in IC may indicate restrictive disease. may also be decreased w obesity

Front 18

Functional residual capacity FRC

Back 18

the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration
FRC= ERV + RV

Front 19

Functional residual capacity FRC normal values

Back 19

2300ml

Front 20

Functional residual capacity FRC significance

Back 20

FRC may be increased w COPD and decreased w ARDS and obesity

Front 21

total lung capacity TLC

Back 21

the volume of air in the lungs after a maximum inspiration
TLC= TV + IRV + ERV + RV

Front 22

total lung capacity TLC normal values

Back 22

5800ml

Front 23

total lung capacity TLC significance

Back 23

TLC may be decreased w restrictive disease (atelectasis, pneumonia) and increased in COPD

Front 24

Eupnea

Back 24

normal breathing at 12-18 breaths/min

Front 25

Bradypnea

Back 25

slower than normal rate (<10 breaths/min), w normal depth & regular rhythm
-associated w increased intracranial pressure, brain injury, and drug OD

Front 26

Tachypnea

Back 26

rapid, shallow breathing > 24 breaths/min
-associated w pneumonia, pulm edema, metabolic acidosis, septicemia, severe pain, or rib fracture

Front 27

Hypoventilation

Back 27

shallow, irregular breathing

Front 28

Hyperpnea

Back 28

increase depth of respirations

Front 29

hyperventilation

Back 29

increased rate and depth of breathing that results in decreased PaCO2 level
-inspiration and expiration are nearly = in duration
-called kussmaul's respiration if associated w diabetic ketoacidosis or renal origin

Front 30

apnea

Back 30

period of cessation of breathing; time duration varies; life threatening if sustained

Front 31

Cheyne-stokes

Back 31

-regular cycle where the rate & depth of breathing increase, then decrease until apnea (usually about 20sec) occurs
-duration of apnea may vary and progressively lengthen; therefore is timed & recorded
-associated w heart failure & damage to the respiratory center (drug induced, tumor, or trauma)

Front 32

Biot's respiration

Back 32

-periods of normal breathing (3-4breaths) followed by varying period of apnea (usually 10-60sec)
-aka clustered breathing
-associated w some nervous system disorders

Front 33

flatness percussion ex.

Back 33

intensity-soft
pitch-high
duration-short
location-thigh
ex. large pleural effusion

Front 34

dullness percussion ex.

Back 34

intensity-medium
pitch-medium
duration-medium
location-liver
ex. lobar pneumonia

Front 35

resonance percussion ex.

Back 35

intensity-loud
pitch-low
duration-long
location-normal lung
ex. simple chronic bronchitis

Front 36

hyperresonance percussion ex.

Back 36

intensity-very loud
pitch-lower
duration-longer
location-none normally
ex. emphysema, pneumothorax

Front 37

tympany percussion ex.

Back 37

intensity-loud
pitch-high
location ex. gastric air bubble or puffed out cheek

Front 38

vesicular

Back 38

-inspiratory sounds longer than expiratory
soft, low
-entire lung field except over the upper sternum & between the scapulae

Front 39

bronchiovesicular

Back 39

-inspiratory = expiratory (about)
intermediate intensity & pitch
-often in the 1st & 2nd interspaces anteriorly and between the scapulae (over the main bronchus)

Front 40

bronchial

Back 40

-expiratory sounds longer than inspiratory
loud, high pitch
-over manubrium, if heard at all

Front 41

tracheal

Back 41

-inspiratory & expiratory sounds about =
loud, high pitched
-over trachea in the neck

Front 42

crackles in general

Back 42

soft, high pitched, discontinuous popping sounds
-may or may not be cleared by coughing

Front 43

crackles in general-etiology

Back 43

secondary to fluid in the airways or alveoli or to delayed opening of collapsed alveoli
-associated with heart failure & pulmonary fibrosis

Front 44

coarse crackles

Back 44

discontinuous popping sounds heard in early inspiration; harsh, moist sound originating in the large bronchi

Front 45

coarse crackles-etiology

Back 45

associated w obstructive pulmonary disease

Front 46

fine crackles

Back 46

discontinuous popping sounds heard in late inspiration
-sounds like hair rubbing together; originates in alveoli

Front 47

fine crackles-etiology

Back 47

associated w intersitial pneumonia, restrictive pulm disease (ex. fibrosis)
-in early inspiration are associated w bronchitis or pneumonia

Front 48

wheezes in general

Back 48

usually heard on expiration-but can be on inspiration

Front 49

wheezes in general-etiology

Back 49

associated w bronchial wall oscillation & changes in airway diameter
-associated w chronic bronchitis or bronchiectasis

Front 50

sonorous wheezes (rhonchi)

Back 50

deep, low pitched rumbling sounds heard primarily during expiration
-caused by air moving through narrowed tracheobronchial passages

Front 51

sonorous wheezes (rhonchi)-etiology

Back 51

associated w secretions or tumor

Front 52

sibilant wheezes

Back 52

continuous, musical, high pitch, whistle like sounds heard during insp & exp
-caused by air passing through narrowed or partially obstructed airways
-may clear w coughing

Front 53

sibilant wheezes-etiology

Back 53

associated w bronchospasm, asthma, & build up of secretions

Front 54

pleural friction rub

Back 54

harsh crackling sound (imitated by rubbing thumb & finger tog near ear)
-may subside pt holds breath-coughing will not clear
-best heard over lower lateral anterior surface of thorax
-sound enhanced by applying pressure to the chest wall w diaphragm of stethoscope

Front 55

pleural friction rub-etiology

Back 55

secondary to inflammation & loss of lubricating pleural fluid

Front 56

consolidation (ex. pneumonia)

Back 56

tf increased
percussion dull
bronchial breath sounds, crackles, bronchophony, egophony, whispered pectoriloquy

Front 57

bronchitis

Back 57

tf normal
percussion resonant
normal to decreased breath sounds, wheezes

Front 58

emphysema

Back 58

tf decreased
percussion hyperresonant
decreased intensity of breath sounds, usually w prolonged expiration

Front 59

asthma (severe attack)

Back 59

tf normal to decreased
percussion resonant to hyperresonant
wheezes

Front 60

pulmonary edema

Back 60

tf normal
percussion resonant
crackles at lung base, possibly wheezes

Front 61

pleural effusion

Back 61

tf absent
percussion dull to flat
decreased to absent breath sounds, bronchial breath sounds & bronchophony, egophony, & whispered pectoriloquy above the effusion over the area of compressed lung

Front 62

pneumothorax

Back 62

tf decreased
percussion hyperresonant
absent breath sounds

Front 63

atelectasis

Back 63

tf absent
percussion flat
decreased to absent breath sounds

Front 64

forced vital capacity FVC

Back 64

VC performed w a maximally forced expiratory effort

Front 65

forced vital capacity FVC remarks

Back 65

often reduced in COPD bc of air trapping

Front 66

forced expiratory volume FEVt (usually FEV1)

Back 66

volume of air exhaled in the specific time during the performance of forced vital capacity
FEV1 is volume exhaled in 1sec

Front 67

forced expiratory volume FEVT (usually FEV1) remarks

Back 67

a valuable clue to the severity of the expiratory airway obstruction

Front 68

ratio of timed forced expiratory volume to forced vital capacity
FEVt/FVC% (usually FEV1/FVC%)

Back 68

FEVt expressed as a % of the FVC

Front 69

ratio of timed forced expiratory volume to forced vital capacity
FEVt/FVC% (usually FEV1/FVC%) remarks

Back 69

another way of expressing the presence or absence or airway obstruction

Front 70

forced expiratory flow
FEF200-1200

Back 70

mean forced expiratory flow between 200 and 1200ml of the FVC

Front 71

forced expiratory flow
FEF200-1200 remarks

Back 71

an indicator of large airway obstruction

Front 72

forced midexpiratory flow FEF25-75%

Back 72

mean forced expiratory flow during the middle half of the FVC

Front 73

forced midexpiratory flow FEF25-75% remarks

Back 73

slowed in small airway obstruction

Front 74

forced end expiratory FEF75-85%

Back 74

mean forced expiratory flow during the terminal portion of the FVC

Front 75

forced end expiratory FEF75-85% remarks

Back 75

slowed in obstruction of smallest airways

Front 76

maximal voluntary ventilation MVV

Back 76

volume of air expired in a specific period (12sec) during repetitive maximal effort

Front 77

maximal voluntary ventilation MVV remarks

Back 77

an important factor in exercise tolerance

Front 78

common types of bronchodilator meds for COPD

Back 78

.

Front 79

salbutamol, albuterol (Proventil, Ventolin)

Back 79

Beta2-Adrenergic Agonist Agents

Front 80

fenoterol (Alupent, Isuprel)

Back 80

Beta2-Adrenergic Agonist Agents

Front 81

terbutaline (Brethine)

Back 81

Beta2-Adrenergic Agonist Agents

Front 82

formoterol (Foradil)

Back 82

Beta2-Adrenergic Agonist Agents

Front 83

salmeterol (Serevent, Diskus)

Back 83

Beta2-Adrenergic Agonist Agents

Front 84

salbutamol, albuterol (Proventil, Ventolin)
routes & duration

Back 84

inhaler, nebulizer, oral
short duration of action

Front 85

fenoterol (Alupent, Isuprel)
routes & duration

Back 85

inhaler, nebulizer, oral
short duration of action

Front 86

terbutaline (Brethine)
routes & duration

Back 86

inhaler
short duration of action

Front 87

formoterol (Foradil)
routes & duration

Back 87

inhaler
long duration of action

Front 88

salmeterol (Serevent, Diskus)
routes & duration

Back 88

inhaler
long duration of action

Front 89

Ipratropium bromide (Atrovent)

Back 89

Anticholinergic Agents

Front 90

Ipratropium bromide (Atrovent)
routes & duration

Back 90

inhaler, nebulizer
short duration of action

Front 91

fenoterol/ipratropium (Duovent)

Back 91

Combination Short-Acting Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonist and Anticholinergic Agents

Front 92

salbutamol/ipratropium (Combivent)

Back 92

Combination Short-Acting Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonist and Anticholinergic Agents

Front 93

fenoterol/ipratropium (Duovent)
routes & duration

Back 93

inhaler, nebulizer
short

Front 94

salbutamol/ipratropium (Combivent)
routes & duration

Back 94

inhaler, nebulizer
short

Front 95

aminophylline (Phyllocontin, Truphylline)

Back 95

Methylxanthines

Front 96

theophylline (Theo-Dur, Slo-Bid)

Back 96

Methylxanthines

Front 97

aminophylline (Phyllocontin, Truphylline)
routes & duration

Back 97

oral
variable duration

Front 98

theophylline (Theo-Dur, Slo-Bid)
routes & duration

Back 98

oral
variable duration