Nursing Fundamentals - Nutrition - Electrolytes Pt 2

Front 1

What is the normal lab value for Potassium

Back 1

3.5-5.0 meq/L

Front 2

What is the major cation in the intracellular fluid

Back 2

Potassium

Front 3

What are the functions of potassium

Back 3

Muscular activity and contraction, helps maintain resting membrane potential, needed for nerve impulse conduction, enzyme rx in cell, acid/base balance, maintains ICF osmolality

Front 4

What are good sources of Potassium

Back 4

Fruit, especially bananas, oranges, apricots, kiwi, figs and dates. Potatoes, molasses, brazil nuts, carrots, spinach, raisins, dairy products, avocadoes, lima beans, instant coffee

Front 5

Lab values that would indicate hypokalemia

Back 5

< 3.5 meq/L

Front 6

What are causes of hypokalemia

Back 6

vomiting diarrhea, ng suction, diuretics (potassium wasting diuretics)excessive sweating, diaphoresis, poor intake of K rich foods, IV sol. w/ no K replacement, alcoholism, anorexia, bulimia, some antibiotics, steriods, hyperaldosteronism, chronic renal dz, chronic laxative use, IV insulin to treat diab. ketoacidosis

Front 7

What antibiotics can cause hypokalemia

Back 7

carbenicillin, gentamicin, amphotericin B

Front 8

What are the signs and symptoms of hypokalemia

Back 8

muscle weakness or cramps, dec. bowel sounds, constipation, abdominal distention, fatigue, weak pulse, cardiac dysrhythmias, risk for digoxin toxicity, paralysis, rhabdomyolsis, paresthesias, flat T waves on EKG

Front 9

treatment for hypokalemia

Back 9

monitor muscular status, especially heart rate and rhythm, admin. K supplements, increase fiber and fluids, K rich foods, monitor IV fluids that contain K in diluted form

Front 10

Can K+ be given in IV push?

Back 10

NO!! NEVER!

Front 11

Lab values that indicate hyperkalemia

Back 11

>5.0 meq/L

Front 12

What are the causes of hyperkalemia

Back 12

Excessive K replacement, excessive use of salt replacements, K sparking diuretics, renal failure, excessive burns, crush injuries, excessive trauma, hemolytic condtions, rhabdomylosis, hypoaldosteronism, ace inhibitors, acidosis, or diabetic ketoacidosis, hemolytic anemia

Front 13

Treatment for hyperkalemia

Back 13

monitor heart function, muscle function. Limit high K foods and supplements. May admin K wasting diuretic, admin IV fluids along with insulin. (insulin carries K with glucose) Calcium IV, administer binding resins

Front 14

What are the K conserving diuretics

Back 14

spironolactone

triamterene

amiliride

Front 15

A type of binding resin used to treat hyperkalemia

Back 15

kayexelate

Front 16

What is the normal lab value of calcium

Back 16

8.4-10.5 mg/dl is total calcium

4.5-5.3 mg/dl ionized (amt in blood)

Front 17

Calcium is found mostly where

Back 17

in skeletal system (99% in bones and teeth, 1% in circulation)

Front 18

What is the most abundant electrolyte in the body

Back 18

calcium

Front 19

What are the functions of calcium

Back 19

regulates muscle contractions, and relaxation, neuromuscular function(nerve impulses), cardiac functions, forms bones and teeth, involved in blood clotting, catalyst for many cellular activities

Front 20

What are good sources of calcium

Back 20

Milk and milk products, salmon, broccoli, oranges, dark green leafy veg. calcium fortified products

Front 21

What vitamin needs to be taken with calcium for optimum absorption

Back 21

Vitamin D

Front 22

What lab value indicates hypocalcemia

Back 22

< 8.4 mg/dl

Front 23

What causes hypocalcemia

Back 23

vit D deficiency, surgical removal of parathyroid glands, acute pancreatitis, thyroid cancer, poor calcium intake, steatorrhea(diarrhea that contains a lot of fat) alcoholism, malabsorption, spesis, hypoparathyriodism

Front 24

What are the signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia

Back 24

Pos. Chvostek's sign, positive trousseau's sign, paresthesia of extremities or around the mouth, hyperactive reflexes, muscle cramps or twitching, tetany, seizure, diarrhea, laryngospasm, bronchospasm, cardiac dysrhythmias, confusion

Front 25

Treatments for hypocalcemia

Back 25

closely monitor cardiac and resp status, admin cal. orally or IV, calcium rich foods, be prepared for intubation in severe cases

Front 26

Lab values for hypercalcemia

Back 26

> 10.5 mg/dl

Front 27

what are the causes for hypercalcemia

Back 27

prolonged immobilization, parathyroid tumor, bone malignancy, excess intake of cal. containing antacids, pagets dz of the bone, hyperparathyroidism, use of thiazide diuretics, use of lithium, dehydration

Front 28

Signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia

Back 28

anorexia, nausea and vomiting, flank pain, personality changes, fatigue, bone pain, bone fractures, lethargy, weakness, constipation, renal calculi (kidney stone) polyuria, polydipsia (excessive thirst) bradycardia

Front 29

treatments of hypercalcemia

Back 29

increase activity, encourage fluids to dilute urine, limit foods and supplements high in cal, encourage fiber, use of calcitonin, renal dialysis may be required

Front 30

Normal lab values of Chloride CL -

Back 30

98-106 meq/L

Front 31

What is the major anion of the extracellular fluid

Back 31

Chloride

Front 32

What are the functions of chloride

Back 32

regulates water balance along with sodium

acid/base balance

buffer

works w/ NA to maintain osmotic pressure

essential for productions of HCL

Front 33

What are the sources of calcium

Back 33

table salt, ham, bacon, processed meat, and foods

Front 34

What is the normal lab values for magnesium

Back 34

1.5-2.5 meq/L

Front 35

Where is magnesium found in body

Back 35

mostly in the intracellular fluid bones - 99% only 1% is found in the bones

Front 36

What are the functions in the body

Back 36

helps regulate activity at neuromuscular junctions, helps with electrical activity in nerve and muscle membranes, needed for enzyme activity, helps maintain normal intracellular levels of K, necessary for protein and DNA synth. plays role in BP reg, may influence release and activity of insulin

Front 37

What are the sources of magnesium

Back 37

found in most foods, highest levels in dark green leafy veg. whole grains, cereal and nuts.

also found in laxatives and antacid that contain MG++

Front 38

Lab values that indicate hypomagnesaemia

Back 38

< 1.5 meq/L

Front 39

what are the causes of hypomagnesaemia

Back 39

chronic alcoholism, chronic malnutrition, chronic diarrhea, aldosterone excess, malabsorption, diabetic detoacidosis, prolonged gastric suction, use of loop or thiazide diuretics, preeclampisa or eclampsia, use of cylclosporine

Front 40

What are the signs and symptoms of hypomegnesaemia

Back 40

nystagmus, neuromuscular irritability, muscle cramps, weakness and numbness to convulsions, disorientation, mood changes, + chvosteks sign, + trouseaus sign, insomnia, dysphagia, hypertension, tachycardia, caridac dysrhythmias, increased ris of digoxin toxicity

Front 41

What are the treatments for hypomanesaemia

Back 41

monitor cardiac and resp status, admin magnesium as ordered (oral or IV) encourage foods high in magnesium, avoid alcohol, if taking digoxin, monitor pulse and observe for toxicity

Front 42

What is the lab value for hypermagnesaemia

Back 42

> 2.5 meq/L

Front 43

What are the causes for hypermagnesaemia

Back 43

end stage renal dz, excessive use of magnesium containing products, adrenal insufficiency

Front 44

What are the signs and symptoms of hypermagnesaemia

Back 44

May be NO symptoms unless levels are sig. elevated. Flushing warmth of skin, hypotension, confusion, drowsiness, lethargy, decreased reflexes, bradycardia, muscle paralysis, decreased rate and depth of resps, cardiac dysrhythmias, cardiac arrest

Front 45

What are the treatments for hypermagnesaemia

Back 45

monitor cardiac and resp status, monitor vital signs, avoid magnesium containing products (antacids, laxatives or food) monitor reflexes

Front 46

What is the normal value for phosphate PO-4

Back 46

2.7-4.5 mg/dl

Front 47

What is the major anion in the extracellular fluid

Back 47

Phosphate (known as phosphorus)Whe

Front 48

Where is the majority of phosphate found

Back 48

Bound w/ calcium in bones and teeth

Front 49

What type of relationship do phosphate and calcium have

Back 49

An inverse relationship. As one increases, the other decreases

Front 50

What are the functions of phosphate

Back 50

catalysts for many intracellular activities

promotes muscle and nerve action

assists with acid base balance

important for cell division and transmission of hereditary traits

Front 51

What are good sources of phosphate

Back 51

meat, fish, poultry, milk products, carbonated beverages, legumes

Front 52

What are the lab values that indicate hypophosphatemia

Back 52

< 2.7 mg/dl

Front 53

What are the causes of hypophosphatemia

Back 53

feeding after starvation, alcohol withdrawal, diabetic detoacidosis, respiratory acidosis

Front 54

What are the signs and symptoms of hypophosphatemia

Back 54

paresthesia, joint stiffness, seizures, cardiomyopathy (dz of the heart muscle) impaired tissue oxygenation (increased resp rate, confusion, cyonosis)

Front 55

Treatment for hypophosphatemia

Back 55

monitor calcium levels as phosphate is replaced, start TPN slowly to prevent drops in phosphate

Front 56

What are the lab values to indicate hyperphosphatemia

Back 56

> 4.5 mg/dl

Front 57

What are the causes of hyperphosphatemia

Back 57

renal failure, hyperthyroidism, chemotherapy, excessive use of phosphate-based laxatives

Front 58

What are the signs and symptoms of hyperphosphatemia

Back 58

tetany, tingling in extremities, cramping, if it exists long term may result in calcification in the soft tissues

Front 59

What is the treatment for hyperphosphatemia

Back 59

monitor for tetany.

If severe will admin aluminum hydroxide with meals to bind phosphorus