Nursing Exam 3

Front 1

dehydration

Back 1

decrease in the volume of water, and electrolytes

elderly, yng chilren, & sick are prone to dehydration

Front 2

third space fluid shift

Back 2

Fluids (body fluids) move into areas such as pleural, peritoneal, joint cavities, bowel, or interstitial space.

*ECF vol. is lacking
*fluid in TS is not able to be used

Front 3

results of third space fluid shift

Back 3

Result of severe burn, pancreatitis, or bowel obstruction.

Front 4

hypervolemia

Back 4

excess amount of water and sodium in ECF

Front 5

overhydration

Back 5

only applies to excessive amounts of water in extracellular spaces

Front 6

fluid excess caused by

Back 6

failure of HEART (no pumping), & KIDNEYS (not enough excretion)

Front 7

retained fluids

Back 7

--w/ fl. comes sodium
--edema results in tissues
--weight gain is seen

Front 8

electrolytes balance

Back 8

Sodium: Hyper/Hyponatremia
Potassium: Hyper/Hypokalemia
Calcium:Hyper/Hypocalcemia
Magnesium: Hyper/Hypomagnesemia
Phosphorus: Hyper/Hypophosphatemia

Front 9

sodium levels

Back 9

adult 135-145 mEq/L

Front 10

hyponatremia

Back 10

sodium loss in ECF/gain of water
ECF moves into cells: press on area over STERNUM, marks REMAIN

Front 11

hypernatremia

Back 11

overabundance of sodium in ECF/fluid loss.

Front 12

potassium level

Back 12

3.5-5.0 mEq/L

Front 13

hypokalemia

Back 13

ECF is lacking potassium.
Body shows this deficit as leg cramps and muscle weakness

Front 14

hyperkalemia

Back 14

Excess of potassium in ECF
VERY DANGEROUS, could affect cardiac muscle by slowing functioning, with possible cardiac arrest

Front 15

calcium levels

Back 15

8.2-10.2 mg/dL

Front 16

hypocalcemia

Back 16

calcium deficit in ECF
Calcium can be taken from the bones, causing soft bones (Osteomalacia).

Front 17

S & S of hypo

Back 17

: tetany (spasms), numbness & tingling of fingers, & cramping

Front 18

hypercalcemia

Back 18

excess of calcium in ECF
EMERGENCY: can lead to cardiac arrest

Front 19

magnesium levels

Back 19

1.6-2.6 mg/dL

Front 20

hypomagnesemia

Back 20

deficient amount of magnesium
OCCURS WITH HYPOKALEMIA (body excretes K+ when magnesium level is low.

Front 21

hypermagnesemia

Back 21

excessive amounts of magnesium.
Seen in renal failure

Front 22

phoshorus levels

Back 22

2.5-4.5 mg/dL

Front 23

hypophosphatemia

Back 23

lowered level of phosphorus
May be caused by many factors; renal disorders, V/D, burns

Front 24

hyperphosphatemia

Back 24

above normal level of phosphorus

Front 25

respiratory acidosis & treatment

Back 25

Too much carbonic acid (H2 CO3) in ECF, a decrease in alveolar ventilation causing a retention of CO2
Kidneys try to help by retaining BICARB (HCO3) to balance ACID state, and result is: HIGH PaCO2
TREAT: O2, hydration

Front 26

electrolytes need...because

Back 26

homeostasis for body to properly function

they CAUSE alterations in fluid, acid-base, and neuromuscular activity

Front 27

osmosis

Back 27

Water passes from lesser concentration to greater to create a balance

Front 28

hypertonic

Back 28

greater osmolarity (CONCENTRATION OF PARTICLES IN A SOLUTION): water moves out of cells to plasma causing cells to shrink

Front 29

hypotonic

Back 29

HYPOTONIC: water moves out of the plasma into intracellular fluid, causing cells to swell

Front 30

diffusion

Back 30

Solutes move freely throughout the solvent.
From higher to lower til equilibrium is reached.
GASES: O2 and CO2 diffuse in alveoli

Front 31

balance of fluids

Back 31

Adult intake 2500 ml/day
Intake/output/fluid loss should be BALANCED

Front 32

thirst is stimulated by

Back 32

stimulated by hypothalamus when cells become dehydrated

Front 33

sourced of fluids

Back 33

Water, foods containing water, end product of oxidation

Front 34

sensible fluid losses

Back 34

urine, feces, perspiration (SENSIBLE LOSS)

Front 35

insensible losses of fluid

Back 35

evaporation from skin, exhaled moisture from lungs

Front 36

homeostasis of fl. kidneys

Back 36

filter plasma and excrete urine; retain electrolytes and water and excrete waste and excess

Front 37

homeostasis of fl. CV

Back 37

pumps and carries nutrients & water through body

Front 38

homeostasis of fl. lungs

Back 38

regulate and balance O2 and CO2 levels in blood; CO2 level must be regulated for acid base balance

Front 39

homeostasis of fl. adrenal glands

Back 39

secrete aldosterone, which helps to conserve sodium, chloride, and water and excrete potassium.

Front 40

homeostasis of fl. thyroxine

Back 40

(thyroid) increases blood flow, renal circulation, and glomerular filtration and urine output

Front 41

homeostasis of fl. parathyroid

Back 41

helps to regulate calcium in ECF

Front 42

homeostasis of fl. GI tract

Back 42

absorbs water and minerals

Front 43

homeostasis of fl. nervous system

Back 43

regulates sodium and water intake and output

THIRST CENTER: in hypothalamus

ADH: stored in pituitary, formed in hypothalamus

OSMORECEPTORS: sense change in ECF, causing secretion or no secretion of ADH

Front 44

acidosis

Back 44

an excess of hydrogen ions in ECF where pH falls below 7.35

Front 45

alkalosis

Back 45

lack of hydrogen ions and pH exceeds 7.45

Front 46

acid base balance & resp. control

Back 46

CO2 is excreted by exhalation. If CO2 increases, we breath more to get rid of more CO2. When the level decreases, we breathe at a lesser rate and depth to keep the CO2.

Front 47

acid base balance & renal control

Back 47

Kidneys retain or excrete hydrogen ions pending the pH of the blood. If acidosis is present, the kidneys will excrete hydrogen ions, and if alkalosis is present, the kidneys “keep” the hydrogen ions.

Front 48

hypovolemia

Back 48

water and lytes are deficient in ECF. Interstitial fluid moves to intravascular space.

Front 49

respiratory alkalosis & treatment

Back 49

Not enough carbonic acid (H2 CO3) in ECF, due to increase in alveolar ventilation and decrease in CO2
Respiratory depression can occur (WHY?)
Kidneys try to retain more H+ and excrete more bicarb (HCO3), thus:
LOW PaCO2
TREAT: , breathe slower, into paper bag

Front 50

metabolic acidosis & treatment

Back 50

Not enough BICARB (HCO3) in ECF
Respiratory rate and depth increases to try to get rid of more CO2
Kidneys try to retain BICARB and excrete H+
RESULT : low BICARB (HCO3)
TREAT: GIVE BICARB, treat underlying cause

Front 51

metabolic alkalosis

Back 51

Too much BICARB in ECF
Body tries to retain CO2 to compensate, slowing respirations
Kidneys try to excrete K+ and Na+ with excess HCO3 and keep H+ in carbonic acid (H2 CO3)
TREAT: GIVE NaCl , treat underlying cause

Front 52

labs for fluid/lytes

Back 52

CBC: INCREASED Hct: dehydration/shock
CBC: DECREASED Hct: w/ blood loss
SG: INCREASED: concentrated urine, dehydration
SG: DECREASED: dilute urine, overhydration