Nursing Endocrine System

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ADRENAL CORTEX

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MANUFACTURES & SECRETES GLUCOCORTICOIDS, MINERALCORTICOIDS, AND SMALL AMOUNTS OF SEX HORMONES, CALLED CORTICOSTEROIDS.

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ADRENAL GLANDS

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ARE LOCATED ABOVE THE KIDNEYS, THE OUTER PORTION IS CALLED THE CORTEX, AND THE INNER PORTION THE MEDULLA, BOTH OF WHICH SECRETE SPECIFIC HORMONES.

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ADRENAL MEDULLA

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SECRETES EPINEPHERINE & NOREPI, WHICH ARE RELEASED IN RESPONCE TO STRESS OR THREAT TO LIFE.THEY FACILITATE WHAT HAS BEEN CALLED FIGHT-OR-FLIGHT" RESPONCE.

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ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE
(ACTH)

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STIMULATES ADRENAL CORTEX TO SECRETE CORTISOL AND OTHER STEROIDS

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ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE
(ADH)

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INCREASES WATER ABSORPTION FROM KIDNEY; RAISES BLOOD PRESSURE

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HORMONE REGULATOR ADH

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HYPOTHALMIC SECRETIONS, BLOOD OSMOLARITY

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WHERE IS ADH FOUND ?

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~ POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND

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CALCITONIN- LOCATED WHERE ?

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~ THYROID GLAND

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WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF CALCITONIN AND WHAT REGULAYES IT ?

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~ INHIBITS CALCIUM RELEASE FROM BONE, THUS LOWERING BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS.
~ REGULATED BY: BLOOD CALCIUM CONCENTRATIONS

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A RISE IN BLOOD CALCIUM WOULD STIMULATE THE THYROID TO RELEASE CALCITONIN. TRUE OR FALSE

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~ TRUE

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CORTICOSTEROIDS

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GLAND: ADRENAL CORTEX
HORMONE RELEASED:CORTICOSTEROIDS AND GLUCOCORTICOIDS

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CORTICOSTEROIDS FUNCTION AND WHAT HORMONE REGULATES IT ?

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1)REGULATES BLOOD GLUCOSE BY AFFECTING CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM;AFFECTS GROWTH; DECREASES EFFECTS OF STRESS AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS
2)HORMONE REGULATOR IS: ACTH; STRESS AND SERUM ELECTROLYTE CONCENTRATIONS

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ESTROGEN

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GLAND: OVARY FOLLICLES
2) HORMONE FUNCTION OF ESTROGEN: DEVELOPS & MAINTAINS FEMALE SEX ORGANS AND CHARACTERISTICS; INITIATES BUILDING OF UTERINE LINING
HORMONE REGULATOR: FSH & LH

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OVARY (CORPUS LUTEUM)

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PROGESTERONE & ESTROGENS
FUNCTIONS:INFLUENCES BREAST DEVELOPMENT AND MENSTRUAL CYCLES; PROMOTES GROWTH & DIFFERENTIATION OF UTERINE LINING
HORMONE REGULATOR: FSH

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FEEDBACK LOOP

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~ a feedback loop REGULATES HORMONE LEVELS. A MECHANISM THAT TURNS HORMONE PRODUXN OFF & ON.
CAN BE EITHER POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE
MOST HORMONES ARE SECRETED IN RESPONCE TO A NEGATIVE FEEDBACK; a decreas in levels STIMULATES THE RELEASING GLAND.
~ IN A POSITIVE FEEDBACK THE OPPOSITE OCCURS, KEEPING CONCENTRATIONS OF HORMONES WITHIN STABLE RANGE @ ALL TIMES AN EXAMPLE IS PREGNANCY

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FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE
(FSH)

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STIMULATES PRODUCTION OF OVUM IN OVARIES AND SPERM IN TESTES
HORMONE REGULATOR: HYPOTHALMIC SECRETIONS, PROGESTERONE
FOUND: ANTERIOR PITUITARY

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GLUCAGON

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INCREASES BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS BY STIMULATING GLYCOGENOLYSIS, THE BREAKDOWN OF GLYCOGEN INTO GLUCOSE, IN THE LIVER. TOGETHER, GLUCAGON AND INSULIN MAINTAIN RELATIVELY CONSTANT LEVELS OF BLOOD SUGAR

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WHERE IS GLUCAGON PRODUCED?

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~ PRODUCED IN THE PANCREAS,

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GLYCOGENOLYSIS

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~ the breakdown of glycogen into glucose, in the liver

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insulin

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~ a hormone neccessary for metabolism of GLUCOSE

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hormone

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hormo = excite or get moving
Hormones help maintain homeostasis on a daily basis, they regulate the activity of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and some glands; alter metabolism; spur growth and development; influence reproductive processes; and participate in circadiun rythms established by the hypothalamus

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Timby definition of hormones

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The endocrine glands secrete hormone, chemicals that accelerate or SLOW physiologic processes, DIRECTLY INTO THE BLOODSTREAM

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EXOCRINE GLANDS

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RELEASE SECRETIONS INTO A DUCT

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Hypophisis

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~ pituitary gland

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what is the MASTER GLAND ?

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The pituitary is called the Master gland because it regulates the function of other endocrine glands.
**** THIS TERM IS MISLEADING b/c the HYPOTHALAMUS INFLUENCES THE PITUITARY GLAND *****************

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HYPOTHALAMUS

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tHE HYPOTHALAMUS, A PRTION OF THE BRAIN BETWEEN THE CEREBRUM AND THE BRAIN STEM, STIMULATES AND INHIBITS THE PITUITARY GLAND. IT SENDS NERVE IMPULSES TO THE POSTERIOR LOBE OF THE PITUITary gland and releasing facors to the anterior lobe.

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ENDOCRINE GLANDS

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~ SECRETE HORMONES, WHICH CIRCULATING BLOOD DELIVERS TO TARGET TISSUES

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PITUITARY GLAND

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~ MANY ENDOCRINE GLANDS RESPOND TO STIMULATION FROM THE PITUITARY g. ( or hypophysis), connected by a stalk to the hypothalamus in the brain

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Islets of Langerhans

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~ the hormone secreting cells of the PANCREAS

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WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE ISLETS OF LANGERHANS ?

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~RELEASE INSULIN & GLUCAGON

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LUTENIZING HORMONE
(LH)

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In females the ovaries are the targets for FSH and LH. Each month FSH initiates the development of several ovarian follicles and LH TRIGGERS OVULATION, AFTER OVULATION, LH STIMULATES FORMATION OF THE CORPUS LUTEUM IN THE OVARY AND THE SECRETION OF PROGESTERONE BY THE CORPUS LUTEUM.

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WHAT ARE THE LIPID SOLUBLE HORMONES ?

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1) STEROID HORMONES
2) THYROID HORMONES, T3 & T4
3)and NITRIC OXIDE

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what are TROPIC or Tropins ?

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Those anterior pituitary hormones that act on OTHER ENDOCRINE GLANDS are called Tropic hormones

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hGH

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~ is the MOST ABUNDANT ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONE. The MAIN FUNCTION of hGH is to promote synthesis and secretion of small protein hormones called insulinlike growth factors (IGF's)or somatomedians

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neurohypophisis

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~ posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

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where is the hypothalamus located ?

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~ portion of the brain BETWEEN THE CEREBRUM AND THE BRAINSTEM

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What is the hormone that INCREASES BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS ?

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~ GLUCAGON

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WHAT IS THE ANTERIOR LOBE OF THE PITUITARY CALLED ?

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~ ADENOHYPOPHYSIS

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WHAT IS THE PROCESS THAT TAKES PLACE IN THE LIVER WHERIN GLYCOGEN IS CONVERTED TO GLUCOSE ?

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~ GLYCOGENOLYSIS

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DIAGNOSTIC TEST THAT DETERMINES THE CONCENTRATION OF A SUBSTANCE IN THE BLOOD ?

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~ RAIOIMMUNOASSAY

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HORMONE THAT LOWERS BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS?

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~ INSULIN

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MECHANISM THROUGH WHICH HORMONE PRODUCTION IS TURNED ON & OFF ?

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~ FEEDBACK LOOP

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AN ATOM WITH AN UNSTABLE NUCLEUS THAT EMITS ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION ?

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~ RADIONUCLIDE

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HYPOPHYSIS

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~ PITUITARY

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REGULATES SUGAR METABOLISM ?

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~ PANCREAS

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REGULATES CALCIUM METABOLISM ?

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~ PARATHYROIDS

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HELPS TO MEET EMERGENCY SITUATIONS ?

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~ ADRENALS

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?DEVELOPMENT OF FEMALE SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS?

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~ OVARIES

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REGULATES BODY METABOLISM ?

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~ THYROID

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DEVELOPMENT OF MALE SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS ?

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~ TESTES

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REGULATES OTHER GLANDS ?

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~ PITUITARY

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MELATONIN COMES FROM WHERE ?

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~ MELATONIN IS FROM THE PINEAL GLAND, IT'S FUNCTION: CIRCADIUN RYTHMS; ANTIGONADOTROPIC EFFECT; EXPOSURE TO LIGHT DECREASES RELEASE, THERFORE IT'S HORMONE REGULATOR IS EXPOSURE TO LIGHT-DARK CIRCLES

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NUCLEAR SCAN

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~ USES A RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCE THAT IS TAKEN ORALLY OR INJECTED INTRAVENOUSLY.THE DOSE OF RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCE IS LARGER THAN THE DOSE USED FOR RADIONUCLEIDE STUDIES. CERTAIN ENDOCRINE ORGANS ARE VISUALIZED OR THEIR ACTIVITY DETERMINED BY MEANS OF SPECIAL EQUIPMENT. EXAMPLES OF SCANS INCLUDE: THYROID SCAN, ADRENERGIC TUMOR SCAN, AND PARATHYROID SCAN.

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OXYTOCIN

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~ STIMULATES CONTRACTION OF PREGNANT UTERUS AND RELEASE OF BREAST MILK AFTER CHILDBIRTH.
HORMONE REGULATOR:HYPOTHALMIC SECRETIONS, UTERINE STRTCH, SUCKLING OF INFANT @ BREAST

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PANCREAS

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~ LIES BELOW THE STOMACH, WITH THE HEAD OF THE GLAND CLOSE TO THE DUODENUM. IT IS BOTH ENDOCRINE AND EXOCRINE GLAND. THE EXOCRINE PORTION SECRETES DIGESTIVE ENZYMES THAT THE COMMON BILE DUCT CARRIES TO THE SMALL INTESTINE. THE HORMONE SECRETING CELLS OF THE PANCREAS ARE CALLED "ISLET's of Langerhans, releas insulin & glucagon.

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OXYTOCIN & ADH ARE SYNTHESIZED (MADE) IN THE ___________ AND RELEASED INTO CAPILLARES OF THE _______ ____________.

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HYPOTHALAMUS AND POSTERIOR PITUITARY.

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PARATHORMONE
(PTH)

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~ also called "cheif cells" that release parathyroid hormone (PTH).
PTH is the MAJOR REGULATOR OF THE LEVELS OF CALCIUM (CA2+), MAGNESIUM, AND PHOSPHATE (HPO42-)IONS IN THE BLOOD. PTH increases the number and activity of OSTEOCLASTS, WHICH BREAKDOWN BONE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX and release ca2+and Mg2+ are lost
PTH also produces THREE CHANGES IN THE KIDNEYS.
1st: it SLOWS THE RATE @ W/C Ca+ & Mg2+ are lost from blood into urine
2nd: it INCREASES LOSS OF HPO42- FROM BLOOD IN URINE
3rd: PTH PROMOTES FORMATION OF HORMONE CALCITROL, THE ACTIVE FORM OF VITAMIN D. CALCITROL ACTS ON THE GI TRACT TO INCREASE THE RATE OF CA+, Mg, HPO42- ABSORPTION FROM FOODS INTO BLOOD

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THE FOUR PARATHYROID GLANDS ARE ATTACHED TO THE POSTERIOR SURFACE OF THE ________ ________.

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~ thyroid gland

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alpha cells secrete _________?

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~ secrete the hormone glucagon

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beta cells secrete___________?

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~ secrete insulin

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parathyroid glands

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~ are 4, small bean-shaped bodies embedded in the lateral lobes of the thyroid.

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what is a mineralcorticoid ?

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~ The adrenal cortex consists of three zones, each of which synthesizes and secretes different STEROID HORMONES,the OUTER ZONE RELEASES HORMONES CALLED MINERALCORTICOIDS BECAUSE THEY AFFECT MINERAL HOMEOSTASIS.
THEY INCLUDE:
1)ALDOSTERONE (the MAJOR MINERLACORTICOID, it regulates homeostasis of two mineral ions; SODIUM AND POTASSIUM.

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SOMATOTROPIN

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~ a drug identical with growth hormone; used in the TX of GROWTH DISTURBANCESDUE TO INSUFFICIENT SECRETION OF GROWTH HORMONE IN CHILDREN OR ADULTS or associated with gonadal dysgenesis (TURNER SYNDROME)and growth disturbances in prepubertal children w/ CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY

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Tetraiodothyronine (T4)

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~ The Thyroid CONCENTRATES IODINE from food and uses it to synthesize T4 and T3.
~ These two hormones REGULATE the body's METABOLIC RATE

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THYMOSIN

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~The thymus gland is located in the upper part of the chest ABOVE OR NEAR THE HEART. It secretes thymosin, which aids in developing T LYMPHOCYTES, A TYPE OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS INVOLVED IN IMMUNITY. THE THYMUS GLAND IS LARGE DURING CHILDHOOD BUT USUALLY SHRINKS BY ADULTHOOD. FUNCTIONAL D/O's ARE RARE FOR THYMUS GLAND

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THYROID GLAND

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~ THYROID GLAND IS LOCATED IN THE LOWER NECK ANTERIOR TO THE TRACHEA. IT IS DIVIDED INTO TWO LATERAL LOBES JOINED BY AN ISTHMUS(A NARROW PASSAGE CONNECTING TWO LARGER CAVITIES)

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THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE
(TSH)

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~ PROMOTES RELEASE OF THYROID HORMONES T3 & T4.
~ BECAUSE MOST BODY CELLS HAVE RECEPTORS FOR THYROID HORMONES, T3 7 T4, EXERT THEIR EFFECTS THROUGHOUT THE BODY.

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human growth hormone (hGH)
(SOMATOTROPIN)

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STIMULATES bone and muscle growth; promotes PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AND FAT MOBILIZATION

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what hormone regulates the THYMUS ?

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~ NOT KNOWN

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Some hormones that affect metabolism include:

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1)thyroxin T3
2) triiodothyronine T4
3) epinepherine
4) epinepherine

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a hormone that affects growth is ?

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~ somatotropin (hGH)

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WHICH HORMONES REGULATE FLUID & ELECTROLYTE BALANCE ?
HINT- THERE ARE TWO

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~ ADH
~ALDOSTERONE

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INFLUENCES REPRODUCTIVE PROCESSES?

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~ LH,
~ FSH,
~ ANDROGENS FROM THE ADRENAL CORTEX
~ ESTROGEN
~ PROGESTERON
~ and Testosterone

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promotes sleep ?

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~ Melatonin
( when light in the environment DECREASES;
~ BRIGHT LIGHT INHIBITS ITS SECRETION

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WHAT IS THE ONSET OF LANTUS (GLARGINE)?

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~ 2-4 HOURS ONSET
~ NO PEAK
~ 24 HOURS=DURATION

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LENTE INSULIN IS __________ACTING.

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~ INTERMEDIATE ACTING
~ 1-2.5 HOURS ONSET
~ 7-15 HRS PEAK
~ 24 HRS = DURATION

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LISPRO (HUMALOG) IS ________ACTING.

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~ RAPID ACTING
~ 5-15 MIN. ONSET
~ 1-2 HRS PEAK
~ 3-4 HRS=DURATION

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NOVULIN R IS _______ACTING.

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~ SHORT ACTING
~ 30 MIN-1HOUR ONSET
~ 1-3 HORS PEAK
~ 6-8 HOURS=DURATION

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DOES EXERCISE INCREASE OR DECREASE HELP WITH INSULIN METABOLISM ?

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EXERCISE HELPS METABOLIZE CARBOHYDRATES, DECREASING INSULIN REQUIREMENTS.

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U100 INSULIN IS THE MOST COMMON CONCENTRATION_______or________.true or false

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~ TRUE

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NPH IS THE ONLY _________INSULIN.

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~ CLOUDY INSULIN; ROLL VIAL GENTLY BETWEEN PALMS TO MIX
*****NEVER SHAKE INSULIN*****

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WHAT IS DRAWN-UP FIRST WHEN MIXING INSULIN ?

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~DRAW UP CLEAR (REGULAR, LISPRO-SHORT ACTING ) BEFORE THE CLOUDY (INTERMEDIATE) INSULIN TO PREVENT CONTAMINATING A SHORT ACTING INSULIN WITH A LONG ACTING INSULIN.

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INJECT __________;ASPIRATION IS NOT NECESSARY.

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~ SubQ
~ 45-90 degree angle
~ avoid massaging the site after injection
~ rotate sites to prevent lipoatrophy (breakdown of subQ fat)

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exubera is an _________ insulin; the dose may be very different from an injeced insulin. true or false

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~ true