Nursing Concepts 6 Vocabulary

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AGGLUTINATION

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A TYPE OF ANITGEN-ANITBODY REACTION IN WHICH A SOLID ANITGEN CLUMPS TOGETHER WITH A SOLUBLE ANIBODY

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ANTIBODY

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A PROTEIN SUBSTANCE DEVELOPED BY THE BODY IN RESPONSE TO OR IN INTERACTION WITH A SPECIFIC ANTIGEN

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ANTIGEN

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A SUBSTANCE THAT INDUCES THE PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODIES

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B CELLS

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CELLS THAT ARE IMPORTANT IN PRODUCING CIRCULATION ANTIBODIES, SPECIFICALLY IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE.

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CARRIER

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A PERSON WHO HARBORS AN ORGANISM WITHOUT DEVELOPING ANY SYMPTOMS AND TRANSMITS THE ORGANISM TO OTHERS

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CELLULAR IMMUNE RESPONSE

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THE IMMUNE SYSTEM'S THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE IN WHICH T CELLS ATTACK PATHOGENS.

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CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTRAL AND PREVENTION (CDC)

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THE FEDERAL AGENCY RESPONSIBLE FOR CONDUCTION SURVEILLANCE AND MEASUREMENT OF ENDEMIC AND EPIDEMIC DISEASES, RECOMMENDING STRATEGIES TO DECREASE INFECTIOUS AND COMMUNICABLE DISEASES, AND PUBLISHING GUIDELINES TO REDUCE RISK TO PTS AND HEALTH CARE WORKERS

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COLONIZATION

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THE PRESENCE OF MICROORGANISMS IN OR ON A HOST, WITHOUT HOST INTERFERENCE OR INTERACTION, AND WITHOUT SYMPTOMS TO THE HOST.

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COMPLEMENT

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A SERIES OF ENZYMATIC PROTEINS IN THE SERUM THAT, WHEN ACTIVATED, DESTROY BACTERIA AND OTHER CELLS.

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CYTOKINES

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NONANTIBODY PROTEINS THAT ACT AS INTERCELLULAR MEDIATORS IN THE GENERATION OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE

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CYTOTOXIC T CELLS

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LEUKOCYTES THAT LYSE CELLS INFECTED WITH A VIRUS AND ALSO PLAY A ROLE IN GRAFT REJECTION

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DISEASE

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PATHOLOGICAL CONDITION OF THE BODY THAT PRESENTS A GROUP OF CLINICAL SIGNS, SYMPTOMS, AND LABORATORY FINDINGS.

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HELPER T CELLS

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LYMPHOCYTES THAT CAN DIRECTLY ATTACK FOREIGN INVADERS (ANTIGENS).

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HOST

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A SOURCE (PERSON, ANIMAL, OR PLANT) THAT PROVIDES LIVING CONDITIONS FOR A MICROORGANISM.

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HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE

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THE IMMUNE SYSTEM'S SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE, OF THE ANTIBODY RESPONSE

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IMMUNITY

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A CONDITION THAT PROTECTS THE BODY THROUGH NATURAL MEANS OF THROUGH ANITBODIES OR SNESITIZED CELLS FROM A PREVIOUS INFECTION OR IMMUNIZATION. IMMUNITY ENABLES THE BODY TO AVOID REINFECTION UPON REEXPOSURE TO THE SAME MICROORGANISM

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INCUBATION PERIOD

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THE TIME BETWEEN CONTACT AND DEVELPOMENT OF THE FIRST SYMPTOM OF A DISEASE

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INFECTION

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A CONDITION IN WHICH THE HOST INTERACTS PHYSIOLOGICALLY AND IMMUNOLOGICALLY WITH A MICROORGANISM

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INTERFERONS

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PROTEINS THAT ARE FORMED WHEN CELLS ARE EXPOSED TO VIRAL OR FOREIGN INVADERS. THESE PROTEINS THEN ACTIVATE OTHER ASPECTS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

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LATENCY

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THE INITIAL STATE OF INFESTATION OF AN ORGANISM IN WHICH THE INFESTATION IS CONCEALED, HIDDEN, INACTIVE, OR UNAPPARENT.

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LYMPHOKINES

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SUBSTANCES RELEASED BY SENSITIZED LYMPHOCYTES WHEN THEY CONTACT A PARTICULAR ANTIGEN

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MEMORY CELLS

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CELLS RESPONSIBLE FOR RECOGNIZING ANTIGENS FROM PREVIOUS EXPOSURE AND MOUNTING AN IMMUNE RESPONSE.

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NATUARAL KILLER (NK) CELLS

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A SPECIFIC TYPE OF CYTOTOXIC T CELL AND LYMPHOCYTE THAT DEFENDS AGAINST MICROORGANISMS AND MALIGNANT CELLS.

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NORMAL FLORA

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POTENTIALLY PATHOGENIC ORGANSIMS, INCLUDING BACTERIA, FUNGI, AND PROTOZOA FOUND ON THE SKIN AND MUCOSA OF THE GI AND GU TRACTS, THAT ARE HARMLESS IN THE BODY AND THAT PROTECT THE BODY FROM PATOGENS

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NULL LYMPHOCYTES

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A SPECIFIC TYPE OF LYMPHOCYTE THAT DESTROYS ANTIGENS ALREADY COATED WITH AN ANTIBODY

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OPSONIZATION

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THE PROCESS OF COATING AN ANTIGEN WITH A THICK SUBSTANCE TO AID IN PHAGOCYTOSIS.

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PHAGOCYTIC CELLS

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CELLS THAT ENGULF, DIGEST, AND DESTROY FOREIGN BODIES AND TOXINS

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PHAGOCYTIC IMMUNE RESPONSE

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THE IMMUNE SYSTEM'S FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE, IN WHICH WBC'S ENGULF AND DESTROY FOREIGN INVADERS.

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SUPPRESSOR T CELLS

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LYMPHOCYTES THAT DECREASE THE B CELL ACTIVITY OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM.

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AMBULATORY SURGERY

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SURGERY THAT DOES NOT REQUIRE AN OVERNIGHT HOSPITAL STAY

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ANESTHESIA

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A STATE OF NARCOSIS, ANALGESIA, RELAXATION, AND REFLEX LOSS.

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CONSCIOUS SEDATION

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THE USE OF SEDATION TO DEPRESS THE LEVEL OF CONSCIOUSNESS WITHOUT ALTERING THE PATIENT'S ABILITY TO MAINTAIN A PATENT AIRWAY AND RESPOND THE PHYSICAL AND VERBAL STIMULI.

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DEHISCENCE

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A PARTIAL OR COMPLETE SEPARATION OF WOUND EDGES.

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EVISCERATION

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THE PROTRUSION OF THE ORGANS THROUGH SURGICAL INCISION.

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FIRST-INTENTION HEALING

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A METHOD OF HEALING IN WHICH WOUND EDGES ARE SURGICALLY APPROXIMATED AN INTEGUMENTARY INTEGRITY IS RESTORED WITHOUT GRANULATION

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INFORMED CONSENT

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PROCESS IN WHICH PATIENTS MAKE AUTONOMOUS DECISIONS BASED ON THE NATURE OF THEIR CONDITION, THEIR TREATMENT OPTIONS, AND THE RISK INVOLVED.

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INTRAOPERATIVE PHASE

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THE PERIOD OF TIME FROM WHEN THE PATIENT IS TRANSFERRED TO THE OPERATING ROOM TABLE TO WHEN THE PATIENT IS ADMITTED TO THE POSTANESTHESIA CARE UNIT.

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PERIOPERATIVE PHASE

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THE PERIOD OF TIME THAT CONSTITUTES THE SURGICAL EXPERIENCE; THIS PERIOD INCLUDES THE PREOPERATIVE, INTRAOPERATIVE, AND POSTOPERTIVE PHASES.

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POSTOPERATIVE PHASE

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PERIOD OF TIME FROM THE ADMISSION OF THE PATIENT TO THE POSTANESTHESIA CARE UNIT TO THE FOLLOW-UP EXAMINATION IN THE CLINCAL SETTING OF THE HOME

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PREADMISSION TESTING

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THE DIAGNOSTIC TESTING DONE PRIOR TO A SURGICAL PROCEDURE

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SECOND-INTENTION HEALING

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THE METHOD OF HEALING IN WHICH WOUND EDGES ARE NOT SURGICALLY APPROXIMATED AND INTEGUMENTARY INTEGRITY IS RESTORED BY GRANULATION

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THIRD-INTENTION HEALING

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THE METHOD OF HEALING IN WHICH SURGICAL APPROXIMATION OF WOUND EDGES IS DELAYED AND INTEGUMENTARY CONTINUITY IS RESTORED BY BRINGING OPPOSITE GRANULATION TISSUE TOGETHER.

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AGNOSIA

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THE LOSS OF THE ABILITY TO RECOGNIZE OBJECTS THROUGH A PARTICULAR SENSORY SYSTEM; THIS CONDITION MAY BE VISUAL, AUDITORY, OR TACTILE.

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ANEURYSEM

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A WEAKENING OR BULGE IN AN ARTERIAL WALL THAT MAY BE CAUSED BY BACTERIAL INVASION, FUNGAL INFECTION (MYCOTIC0), GENETIC DISEASE, OR ARTHEROSCLEROSIS.

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APAHSIA

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THE LOSS OF THE ABILITY TO EXPRESS ONESELF OR TO UNDERSTAND LANGUAGE

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AUTONOMIC HYPERREFLEXIA

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A LIFE-THREATENING CONDITION IN SPINAL CORD INJURY PATIENTS THAT CAUSES A HYPERTENSIVE EMERGENCY.

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AUTOREGULATION

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THE ABILITY OF CEREBRAL BLOOD VESSELS TO DILATE OR CONSTRICT TO MAINTAIN STABLE CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW DESPITE CHANGES IN SYSTEMIC BLOOD PRESSURE

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BABINSKI SIGN

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AN ABNORMAL PLANTAR RESPONSE (THE TOES FAN AND BIG TOE EXTENDS WHEN THE SOLE OF THE FOOT IS STROKED) THAT INDICATES UPPER MOTOR CONTROL PATHWAY DYSFUNCTION.

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BRAIN DEATH

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THE IRREVERSIBLE LOSS OF ALL FUNCTIONS OF THE ENTIRE BRAIN, INCLUDING BRAIN STEM

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BRAIN INJURY

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AN INJURY TO THE SKULL OF BRAIN THAT IS SEVERE ENOUGH TO INTERFERE WITH NORMAL FUNCTIONING.

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CEREBRAL CONTUSION

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A BRUISING OF THE BRAIN

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COMA

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A PROLONGED STATE OF UNCONSCIOUSNESS.

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CONCUSSION

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AN INJURY OCCURRING FROM VIOLENT SHAKING, CAUSING BRAIN TISSUE DAMAGE.

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CUSHING'S RESONSE

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THE BRAINS ATTEMPT TO RESTORE BLOOD FLOW BY INCREASING ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE TO OVERCOME INCREASED INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE.

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DECEREBRATE POSTURING

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AN ABNORMAL POSTURING WITH EXTENSION AND EXTERNAL ROTATION OF THE ARMS AND WRIST AND EXTENSION AND PLANTAR FLEXION OF THE LEGS AND FEET.

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DECORTICATE POSTURING

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AN ABNORMAL POSTURING WITH FLEXION AND INTERNAL ROTATION OF THE ARMS AND WRISTS AND EXTENSION, PLANTAR FLEXION, AND INTERNAL ROTATION OF THE FEET.

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DELIRIUM

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THE TRANSIENT LOSS OF INTELLECTUAL FUNCTION, USUALLY DUE TO SYSTEMIC PROBLEMS SUCH AS IMPROPER METABOLISM, INFECTION, AND ACUTE INTOXICATION

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DIZZINESS

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THE ALTERED SENSATION OR ORIENTATION IN SPACE

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FLACCID

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LIMP, FLOPPY, AND/OR LACKING TONE

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HALO VEST

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A LIGHTWEIGHT VEST WITH AN ATTACHED HALO THAT STABILIZES THE CERVICAL SPINE.

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HEMIPARESIS

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WEAKNESS OF ONE SIDE OR PART OF THE BODY DUE TO INJURY TO THE MOTOR AREA OF THE BRAIN.

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HEMIPLEGIA

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PARALYSIS OF ONE SIDE OR PART OF THE BODY DUE TO INJURY TO THE MOTOR AREA OF THE BRAIN.

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INFARCTION

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A ZONE OF TISSUE DEPRIVED OF BLOOD SUPPLY, IN WHICH CELLS NORMALLY FED BY THE BLOOD SUPPLY BECOME ISCHEMIC AND DIE.

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MONRO-KELLIE HYPOTHESIS

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A THEORY ABOUT THE DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM OF CRANIAL CONTENTS THAT STATES THAT BECAUSE OF THE LIMITED SPACE FOR EXPANSION WITHIN THE SKULL, AN INCREASE IN ANY ONE OF THE CRANIAL CONTENTS (BLOOD, BRAIN TISSUE, CSF) CAUSES A CHANGE IN THE VOLUME OF THE OTHERS BY DISPLACING OR SHIFTING CSF, INCREASING THE ABSORPTION OF CSF, AND DECREASING CEREBRAL BLOOD VOLUME.

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NEUROGENIC BLADDER

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A LOSS OF BLADDER TONE THAT PLACES SPINAL CORD INJURY PATIENTS AT AN INCREASED RISK FOR URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS

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PAPILLEDEMA

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A CONDITION IN WHICH THERE IS SWELLING OF THE OPTIC DISC DUE TO INCREASED CRANIAL PRESSURE

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PARAPARESIS

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WEAKNESS OF BOTH LEGS AND THE LOWER PART OF THE TRUNK.

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PARAPLEGIA

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PARALYSIS OF BOTH LEGS AND THE LOWER PART OF THE TRUNK.

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PERSISTENT VEGETATIVE STATE (PVS)

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A CONDITION IN WHICH THE PATIENT IS AWAKE BUT DEVOID OF CONSCIOUS CONTENT AND WITHOUT COGNITIVE OR AFFECTIVE MENTAL FUNCTION.

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PTOSIS

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A DROOPING EYELID

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QUADRIPARESIS

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A WEAKNESS THAT INVOLVES ALL EXTREMITIES.

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QUADRIPLEGIA

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A PARALYSIS THAT INVOLVES ALL EXTREMITIES.

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REFLEX

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AN AUTOMATIC RESPONSE TO STIMULIT

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SPASTICITY

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AN ABNORMAL INCREASE IN MUSCLE TONE THAT CAUSES THE MUSCLE TO RESIST BEING STRETCHED.

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SPINAL CORD INJURY (SCI)

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AN INJURY TO THE SPINAL CORD, VERTEBRAL COLUMN, SUPPORTING SOFT TISSUE, OR INTERVERTEBRAL DISKS CAUSED BY TRAUMA

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TONE

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THE TENSION PRESENT IN A MUSCLE AT REST; DECREASED TONE INDICATES LOWER MOTOR NEURON DISEASE, AND INCREASED TONE INDICATES UPPER MOTOR NEURON DISEASE

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TRANSECTION

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A COMPLETE OR INCOMPLETE SEVERING OF THE SPINAL CORD

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UNCONSCIOUSNESS

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A CONDITION OF BEING UNRESPONSIVE TO AND UNAWARE OF ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULI.

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ABDUCTION

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MOVEMENT AWAY FROM THE CENTER OR MEDIUM LINE OF THE BODY

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ARTHROPLASTY

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SURGICAL REPAIR OF A JOINT

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ARTHROSCOPY

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PROCEDURE THAT ALLOWS FOR DIRECT VISUALIZATION OF A JOINT TO DIAGNOSE JOINT DISORDERS

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AVASCULAR NECROSIS

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DEATH OF TISSUE DUE TO INSUFFICIENT BLOOD SUPPLY

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BRACE

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EXTERNALLY APPLIED DEVICE THAT SUPPORTS THE BODY, CONTROLS MOVEMENT, AND PREVENTS INJURY

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CAST

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RIGID EXTERNAL IMMOBILIZATION DEVICE THAT IS MOLDED TO THE CONTOURS OF A BODY PART

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CONTINUOUS PASSIVE MOTION (CPM)

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DEVICE OR INSTRUMENT THAT PROMOTES RANGE OF MOTION, HEALING, AND CIRCULATION.

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CONTRACTURE

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ABNORMAL SHORTENING OF A MUSCLE AND/OR JOINT.

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CREPITUS

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GRATING OR CRACKLING SOUND OR SENSATION, ASSOCIATED WITH BROKEN BONES OR IRREGULAR SURFACE OF JOINTS.

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DISLOCATION

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SEPARATION OF JOINT SURFACES

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EXTERNAL FIXATION

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EXTERNAL METAL FRAME ATTACHED TO AND STABILIZING BONE FRAGMENTS.

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FRACTURE

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A BREAK IN THE CONTINUITY OF THE BONE

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DISLOCATION

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SEPARATION OF JOINT SURFACES

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EXTERNAL FIXATION

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EXTERNAL METAL FRAME ATTACHED TO AND STABILIZING BONE FRAGMENTS

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FRACTURE

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A BREAK IN THE CONTINUITY OF THE BONE

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ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION

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A CONTRACTION IN WHICH MUSCLE TENSION IS INCREASED, MUSCLE LENGTH IS UNCHANGED, AND THERE IS NO JOINT MOTION.

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ISOTONIC CONTRACTION

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A CONTRACTION IN WHICH MUSCLE TENSION IS UNCHANGED, MUSCLE LENGTH IS SHORTENED, AND THE JOINT IS MOVED.

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JOINT

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AN AREA WHERE BONE ENDS MEET; JOINTS PROVIDE FOR MOTION AND FLEXIBILITY.

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KYPHOSIS

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INCREASE IN THORACIC CURVATURE OF SPINE

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LORDOSIS

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INCREASE IN LUMBAR CURVATURE OF THE SPINE

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MALUNION

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HEALING OF A FRACTURE BONE IN AN ABNORMAL POSITION.

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NONUNION

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FAILURE OF BONE FRAGMENTS TO HEAL TOGETHER.

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OPEN REDUCTION WITH INTERNAL FIXATION (ORIF)

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SURGERY TO REPAIR AND STABILIZE A FRACTURE

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OSTEOPOROSIS

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ABNORMAL LOSS OF BONE MASS AND STRENGTH

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SCOLIOSIS

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LATERAL CURVATURE OF THE SPINE

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SLING

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A BANDAGE USED TO SUPPORT AN ARM

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SPLINT

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A DEVICE DESIGNED TO SUPPORT AND IMMOBILIZE A BODY PART IN A DESIRED POSITION.

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SPRAIN

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AN INJURY TO LIGAMENTS AND OTHER SOFT TISSUE AT A JOINT

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STRAIN

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A MUSCLE TEAR OR PULL

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TONE

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NORMAL TENSION IN RESTING MUSCLE

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TRAPEZE

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AN OVERHEAD DEVICE TO ASSIST PATIENT WITH MOBILITY IN BED.