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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The P-wave represents
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atrial deporarization
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QRS-complex represent
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ventricular depolarization
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T-wave represents
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ventricular repolarization
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Pulse oximetry
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measures the amount of hemaglobin concentration
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CO2 buildup leads to
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respiratory acidosis
-lower pH -vasodialation -lower muscle activity -coag and metabolic interference |
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Systolic BP
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generated when the heart contracts
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Diastolic BP
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pressure between contractions
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Mean Arterial Pressure
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1/2 sys + 2/3 dias
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Blood volume in cats and dogs
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cats 50-55 mL/kg
dog 89-90 mL/kg |
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Body water is distributed between
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intracellular fluid (2/3 TBW) extracellular (1/3 TBW)
-interstitial (75%) -intravascular (25%) |
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Shock
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peripheral blood flow is inadequate to return blood to the heart.
- need to increase intravascular pressure |
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Blood Loss
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intravascular space and volume is decreased.
-crystaloid and colloids help increase intravascular pressure -PCV <20 needs transfusion |
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Dehydration
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volume from all spaces is decreased and must be replaced
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Diuresis
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used to increase urine production assisting the body in eliminating substances excreted
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Daily Maintanance Requirement
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50-60 mL/kg/day
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Volume of fluid needed to correct dehydration
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% dehydration xkgx 10000
added to maintanance volume |
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For every 1.8 degree temperature raise, an animals metabolic rate increases by
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13.8%
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formula for blood transfusion
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lbs x 40(dogs)30(cats)x desired PCV- actual PCV/ donor PCV
-6-10 mL/kg QID |
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Transfusion rates
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administered at a rate no greater than 22mL/kg/hr
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Energy requirements per lb ___ as body weight ______
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decrease; increase
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Resting energy requirements for animals > 2kg
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(30 x kg) + 70
dogs 30kcal/kg/day cats 40 kcal/kg/day <2kg 50 kcal/kg/day |
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Normal blood gas values
-pH -PaCO2 -PaO2 -HCO3 -Base Excess |
pH: 7.35-7.45
PaCO2: 35-45 mmHg PaO2: 94-100 mmHg HCO3: 22-26 mEq/L Basic Excess: -2-+2 |
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Used in horses for restraint, releases endorphines which mask pain
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twitch
-chain, humane, and rope |
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You must remember when working with horses (danger)
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their rear legs can kick 6 ft out with accuracy
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Danger when working with cattle
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horns can gorge
head and body can pin you |
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restraint techniques for cows
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chutes, halters, nose leads (tongs), and tail jacking
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restraint technique for sheep
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"setting up" (sit sheep on rear)
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Restraint of choice in pigs
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hog snare
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uses for non-weight-bearing forelimb sling w/only carpal flexion @ varying degrees
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Carpal flexion sling
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holds the flexed forelimb against chest to prevent movement of all joints
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velpeau sling (used for scapular fractures)
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used to prevent stifle joint stiffness and hyperextension after distal femoral fracture repair
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90-90 flexion sling (stifle and hock in 90 degree flexion)
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used to immobilize a hind limb after reduction of creniodorsal coxofemeral luxation
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ehmer sling
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If you hear an animal wheezing
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their may be an obstruction
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If you hear crackles in the lungs
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it could be fluid
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Gurgles or bubbles heard in the lungs
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may be increased upper airway secretions
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if lung sound are quiet or deminished
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air sacs may be collapsed or a pneumothorax
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If the lungs make a drum of tapping sound
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you may have a pneumothorax
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dry MM
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5-6% dehydration
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mild-moderate decreased skin turgor, dry MM
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6-8% dehydration
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marked decrease in skin turgor, dry MM, weak rapid pulses, slow CRT, mild-marked mental depression
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10-12% dehydration
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clinical signs of shock, very depressed, imminent death
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12-15% dehydration
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Shock fluid therapy rate
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60-90 ml/kg/hr
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